2.1.1. Information and Communications Technology

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Perhaps because of its ubiquitous presence, it is not an easy venture to find a uniform definition of information and communications technology (ICT) in the literature. Another reason for this might be rapid technological change itself; what is precisely understood by ICT use or ICT skills is constantly changing as “ICT is characterized by unprecedented global flows in information, products, people, capital, and ideas” (ICTLP, 2007, p. 16). Most often ICT is not or is only implicitly defined in papers. It is rather common to provide examples of what devices are understood by it, and these typically are “computing devices such as desktop computers, laptops, handheld computers, software, or Internet” (Hew & Bush, 2007, p. 225). The most frequently owned ICT device nowadays by learners in the Hungarian public education system is the smartphone, followed by laptops and tablets (EU, 2019). The presence of ICT devices in our lives has been the result of “a convergence process triggered by the huge scale development of digital technology” (Sallai, 2012, p. 5), and from waking up in the morning with the help of an alarm set on our smartphones through working in the specific software package our job requires to unwinding in the evening watching some online streaming service, technology is constantly there.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Education is no exception in this transformational process. ICT integration means using devices for teaching and learning purposes; however, integration can happen on many different levels and with varying quality (Tondeur et al., 2007b). Because the educational philosophical underpinnings of ICT integration are informed by Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural approach, inclusion cannot be isolated from the parties involved, time, place, quality, etc. of integration (Lim, 2002; McDougall & Jones, 2006; Sutherland et al., 2004), and what is understood by successful or unsuccessful ICT inclusion in education will be discussed in more detail later.
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