4.3. Objective and subjective criteria of impartiality
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| Harvard: | Bérces Viktor (2024): Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. : Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477Downloaded: https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p1/#m1199eicp_35_p1 (2026. 10. 10.)
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| Chicago: | Bérces Viktor. 2024. Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. : Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477(Downloaded: 2026. 10. 10.https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p1/#m1199eicp_35_p1) | |
| APA: | Bérces V. (2024). Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477. (Downloaded: 2026. 10. 10.https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p1/#m1199eicp_35_p1) |
The presumption of innocence is necessarily linked to the requirement of impartiality on the part of the authorities (the judiciary). The objective criterion is the conviction of the subjects of the proceedings that this is necessary, and the subjective criterion is the perception of this conviction, directly or indirectly, towards the outside world. According to a case law of the Court of Justice, it is not enough to do justice; the appearance of doing justice must also be preserved.1
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| Harvard: | Bérces Viktor (2024): Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. : Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477Downloaded: https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p2/#m1199eicp_35_p2 (2026. 10. 10.)
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| Chicago: | Bérces Viktor. 2024. Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. : Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477(Downloaded: 2026. 10. 10.https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p2/#m1199eicp_35_p2) | |
| APA: | Bérces V. (2024). Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. Akadémiai Kiadó.
https://doi.org/10.1556/9789636640477. (Downloaded: 2026. 10. 10.https://mersz.hu/link/m1199eicp_35_p2/#m1199eicp_35_p2) |
These requirements are of course applied to varying degrees by investigating authorities, prosecutors and courts. Moreover, a fundamental question arises as to whether the police or the prosecution can be expected to apply this principle consistently at all.
| 1 | Delcourt v. Belgium judgment of 17 January 1970, Series A no. 11. In: Grád–Weller (2011) ibid. 302. |