Chapter VII. The material and formal concept of truth

The concept and practical problems of the level of certainty

7.1. The distinction between truth and certainty

7.2. The level of certainty in Anglo-Saxon legal systems

7.3. The level of certainty in continental legal systems

7.4. International perspective on the degrees of certainty and the specificities of evidence systems

7.5. Cases of incomplete evidence in criminal proceedings

7.6. Cases of excessive evidence in criminal proceedings

7.7. The phenomenon of under-proofing

7.8. Conclusions