2.3. Towards analyzing ‘genres’: written discourse analysis since the 1970s

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This section provides a very brief overview of the major approaches and tendencies in written discourse analysis research since the 1970s that have finally paved the way to our present conception of texts as embedded in their social contexts. While the development of a variety of disciplines and approaches cannot be neatly divided year by year, it is probably useful to follow a roughly temporal order to show how the initially narrowly focused approaches have combined to form the very complex notion of genre that is now at the center of attention.

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Parallel to a general increase in interest towards genre analysis, a paradigm shift can be observed in the past four decades (Sections 2.3.1–2.3.4), which is summarized in Figure 2. Starting in the 1970s-80s from two major directions, text analysis initially focused on either the individual writer (and the writing processes) or the structure of the text, concentrating on discourse features that account for surface level phenomena. Beginning in the 1990s, genre analysis placed the studied discourse in its socio-cultural context and studied its functions in discourse communities. However, generalizable statements can only be made based on a considerable number of texts, which gave rise to corpus-based approaches and the computerized analysis of huge corpora in different genres. While computer-assisted text analysis remains at the center of attention, especially with the introduction of natural language processing artificial intelligence, several aspects of discourse still need a human’s perspective for closer contextualized observations. Thus, qualitative text analysis still has its place and exists side-by-side with computer-assisted approaches.
 

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Figure 2 Major paradigms shifts in written discourse analysis since the 1970s
 

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The rest of this section includes some of the research findings and theoretical contributions that each of these trends has made to written discourse analysis.
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