Results suggest that the provision of support highly depends on class: the provision of support is common in the highest managerial class and the lack of support due to the lack of means among the working classes. This trend can be explained by the preservation of privileges of the state-socialist managerial class in the post-state socialist period described by Eyal, Szelényi and Townsley (2000). During state socialism and the first decade after the regime change, highest-ranking managers could provide support in a much higher share than any other classes which were affected less positively or outright negatively by the regime change.

The strong effect of residence can be explained through urbanisation on the one hand and housing privatisation on the other hand. Highly positive effect of residence in Budapest on non-provision due to the lack of need, and its negative effect on support suggest either family ties have been loosened here by urbanisation, or Budapestians, having benefitted the most from housing privatisation, did not need to support their children, in all likelihood due to the fact that their children obtained public housing units during state socialism to a greater extent.

The logistic regression run on the 2015 database signals minor changes in the 12 years that passed between the two surveys. Determinants of the provision of parental support did not change, except the effect of settlement type and non-provision due to the lack of children’s need became negatively affected by the “small proprietor” occupational category, private rental tenure and household size, while the year of departure of parents from the grandparental home lost significance. The fact that the incidence of non-provision of support due to the lack of need became more strongly associated with class and residence refutes the assumption made in Section 6.1.1 that the influence of class and residence on the non-provision of support has weakened. Trends indicate that a polarisation occurred between those able to support their children and those who are not.

Still, the expanding group of non-providers of support due to the lack of need remains a more heterogenous group than that of providers. On the one hand, it is likely that as time since the regime change passed, a large share of young adults from affluent families were able to access housing without parental support (and the control often accompanying it), increasing the importance of class. On the other hand, young adults unable to utilise forms of support that are made less valuable under the conditions of housing financialisation, such as labour or smaller financial support, simply remain renters and in this sense they do not need parental support which is often tied to the access of home ownership.

Another interesting fact is that the effect of residence on the provision of support turned into the opposite of that in 2003. Unlike in 2003 when provincial residence increased the coincidence of support provision, in 2015, provincial residence had a negative effect. The earlier negative effect of residence on non-provision due to the lack of need even strengthened. The lack of utility of labour support after the millennium, weakening family ties, the slow erosion of rural self-help networks, emigration of young adults from rural areas, and the reform of housebuilding subsidies formerly favouring rural construction but after the millennium concentrating more on urban construction, are all likely causes of the changing effect of residence. In 2003, the effect of large-scale public housing provision and the privatisation of public housing benefitting the residents of Budapest was more significant, but it diminished until 2015 which made the necessity of parental support more even across the country. The decrease of Pseudo-R2 between the two waves suggests independent variables could explain the variation in the provision of support less in 2015.

Interestingly, results show that the influence of parental class was very high already in the 2003 sample and although this effect may have somewhat strengthened, it did not bring about the decrease of the effect of settlement type. It remained to have a remarkable effect, only the direction of the relationship changed. H3 has thus not been confirmed.