2.2.4.1. Good Practices: Developing Students’ Global Competence through Audio-Visual Materials

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As argued above, thought-provoking videos can be used to trigger discussions about even controversial global issues in the classroom. In his article Queering CLIL: a Critical Sexual Literacy Curriculum for the Hong Kong Context, Ho (2020) presented his findings of an action research study conducted with 20 university students in a voluntary English class. For having a grasp of the students’ initial knowledge of and attitude to LGBTQ people, he asked them to fill in a questionnaire and write down their response to a music video showing a same-sex couple struggling to come to terms with the discrimination against them. The curriculum contained five lessons on the following themes: gender and sexual identities, intersex and transgender people, sexism, and feminism, heterosexism, and making a better world for all. In three of the sessions, he used videos to make the students think and reflect on what they had seen, including documentaries, music videos and TED talks, and the discussions after these videos encouraged students to use their lower-order and higher-order thinking skills as well. During these sessions, the students were “in active dialogic engagement with written texts, videos, the teacher, fellow classmates and guest speakers” alike as they were engaged in group discussions, sharing sessions and even role-plays. The students reported mixed feelings about the lessons, as not all of them were comfortable with addressing gender and sexuality issues in the classroom, nevertheless, they were satisfied with what they had learnt from the course (e.g., using gender-inclusive language).

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In the Argentine context, Cossu & Brun (2020) dealt with comprehensive sexual education topics in an initial teacher education programme. In their article, Comprehensive Sexuality Education with future teachers of English: an opportunity for social change through the exploration of gender stereotypes, they reported on a class project they did with 10 first-year students both in synchronous and asynchronous ways. The main topic of these sessions was gender stereotypes and societal expectations in stories for children. To start the session, the teacher asked the students to brainstorm some popular stories for children and list the heroes and heroines from these stories. Then, to introduce the topic of gender stereotypes, the students had to think of adjectives that best describe these characters. Afterwards, they watched a short video called How it should have ended: Little Red Riding Hood, showing an empowered heroine who outwitted the wolf. Based on the video, they had to make comparisons between the original version and the new version, thus involving them in language work on linkers. More visual elements were used in the follow-up activities, for example, a screenshot from Sleeping Beauty in which the prince is kissing the sleeping heroine, which the teachers used to introduce the topic of consent and to trigger a discussion about proximity. Afterwards, the students needed to design memes to challenge the stereotypes in Sleeping Beauty and finally, they had to create their stereotype-free versions of the classic story. Based on the questionnaires concluding the project, the students enjoyed the classes and claimed that the content made the lessons motivating and meaningful.

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In her article Teaching Sustainability: Our responsibility as teachers when teaching English through Environmental Days, Ritch (2020) reported on the use of several videos (such as a video clip and a short film) to teach about sustainability amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In one of the lessons she presented, she attempted to talk to her students about Earth Hour, but they did not welcome such a conversation when they were preoccupied with the lockdown triggered by the virus. Subsequently, Ritch sent a video clip to the students to watch before the next lesson (Man vs Earth by Prince EA) and then, they were willing to talk about the issues raised in the clip, such as cutting down trees and educating students about real crime stories. In the other lesson she presented, she used a video with her teenage students she was not quite fond of because of its sensationalist nature, called A Letter from the Pandemic #ExtinctionEndsHere. Even though the students did not like the video particularly either, it triggered a loud response from them and made them express their opinions about what French citizens “should do and should have already done to stop future pandemics from happening” (p. 129). Their final task was to compose a letter in response to the virus (which was speaking in the video) or to President Macron. The students appreciated the task as they felt important and felt that they had acted in a real context.

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These examples suggest that audio-visual materials can be successfully used to introduce global issues. Based on these studies, the video or the image must be well-selected, suitable for the learners and motivating. As it became apparent from Ritch’s article (2020), the success of the lesson does not depend on whether the students like the video or not; it is more important for the material to be thought-provoking and engaging so that it triggers discussions. Moreover, as it was proposed in Ho’s study (2020), follow-up activities that make students use their higher-order thinking skills and engage them in discussions can contribute to the success of the lesson.
 
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