There were some ethical issues that had to be taken into consideration during the research process. First of all, I had to apply for an approval of my intended research from the Research Ethics Committee of the Language Pedagogy PhD Programme, which was granted after I handed in my proposal. In Studies 1, 2, 7, and 8 informed consent was sought from the participants: they were read a document about the procedures of the given study at the beginning of each stage, which contained information about the aims of the study, about their tasks, about confidentiality and about their right to withdraw from the study at any point (Dörnyei, 2007). In Study 5, the university students were informed that I was collecting data for research purposes, that data collection was anonymous, and that they had the option to pull out at any point of the study, meaning that they could choose not to participate, not to give feedback and not to submit their work. In the case of the classroom study in the secondary school context (Study 6), the teachers were asked if I needed to ask for parental consent, but in all the cases, they said that the parents had already consented for their children to be research participants at the beginning of their studies. In Studies 3 and 4, at the beginning of the questionnaires, the participants were reassured that data would be treated confidentially, and completion would be completely anonymous and voluntary.