Gabriella Jenei: Referential Cohesion in Academic Writing • A descriptive and exploratory theory- and corpus-based study of the text-organizing role of reference in written academic discourse
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7. STAGE 3: IMPROVING THE ANALYTICAL TOOL: NON-COHESIVE REFERENCE TAXONOMY FOR ACADEMIC WRITING
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7.6. Results and discussion
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7.6.3. Types of cohesive ties

7.6.3. Types of cohesive ties

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The preliminary results of the comparison of expert and novice writing based on the two 10-paper corpora are shown in Figure 14. The figure shows the three main types of cohesive ties with the definite article as a separate category due to the high frequency of its cohesive use in the texts. The diagram represents data counted based on the normalized number of items (the total number for each text was divided by the number of sentences in the given text).
 
 

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Figure 14 Frequency of types of cohesive reference ties in 10 RAs and 10 MA theses shown in percentages
 

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The diagram in Figure 14 shows that there were no major differences between the two corpora in the use of demonstratives and the definite article. As regards the individual items (not represented in the diagram), in RAs we found more demonstratives used cohesively than in MA theses, and out of the three adverbials (here, there, then) only here was used for cohesive reference, with about the same frequency in the corpora. The greatest difference – as shown in Figure 14 – is in the use of personal pronouns. Thesis writers used more than twice as many third person singular pronouns than expert writers, while the neutral and plural pronouns were slightly more frequently used in the RAs. Looking for an explanation for this phenomenon, it was found that while RAs tend to refer to other studies using demonstratives e.g., this research, the study), novice writers are more likely to refer to the person who carried out the study (e.g., her research, his results, etc.). As for comparative reference, it was relatively scarce, compared to the other types of items, and no noteworthy differences could be observed here.
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