Gabriella Jenei: Referential Cohesion in Academic Writing • A descriptive and exploratory theory- and corpus-based study of the text-organizing role of reference in written academic discourse
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9. STAGE 5: THE NEW ANALYTICAL TOOL: REFERENTIAL COHESION IN RESEARCH ARTICLES AND MA THESES
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9.6. Results: Patterns of Referential Cohesion
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9.6.7. The distribution of types of cohesive reference in MA theses and RAs
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9.6.7.3. Non-cohesive categories

9.6.7.3. Non-cohesive categories

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Reference items in the corpora that were not cohesive were tagged based on the non-cohesive categories identified in the preliminary stages of this research as part of triangulation of the procedures.
 

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Table 28 Specification of non-cohesive reference items
Normalized averages
Low rated MA theses
High rated MA theses
Research Articles
OF-PREPOSITIONAL POSSESSIVES
1.67
1.69
1.62
LINKING WORDS
0.86
0.81
0.85
GENERAL MEANING
0.94
0.65
0.78
ADJECTIVAL MODIFIER
0.52
0.35
0.46
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS
0.47
0.38
0.45
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
0.39
0.34
0.36
RELATIVE THAT
0.38
0.38
0.35
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
0.25
0.29
0.27
ANTICIPATORY IT
0.24
0.29
0.25
EXAMPLES
0.22
0.17
0.18
INFINITIVE CLAUSES
0.34
0.05
0.17
PROPER NAMES
0.13
0.15
0.16
EXISTENTIAL THERE
0.14
0.13
0.16
DUMMY IT
0.15
0.17
0.16
ADVERBS
0.13
0.15
0.13
Note: Order of frequency is based on RA frequencies; more than one decimal differences between data appear in bold; color coding indicates identity of categories from the taxonomy on non-cohesive uses of items.
 

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For each text it was checked that the sum of the number of cohesive and non-cohesive items (together with the errors in the MA thesis corpus) equaled the total number of items. In this way the functions of all reference items were accounted for, and none of them were accidentally overlooked in the analysis. Non-cohesive categories appeared as tags in the analyzed texts immediately after each reference item. For most non-cohesive categories in Table 28, figures for RAs are between high- and low-rated theses; the instances where high-rated MA theses have higher frequencies for a given category are underlined.
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