10.2.1. Awareness raising of highest frequency errors

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

What teachers can do first in connection with reference is familiarize students with the kinds of errors (see Chapter 7) that are typical in academic writing (see and suggest correct alternatives). The types of highest frequency errors found in this research are the ones that suggest writers’ over-reliance on reader interpretation. By the end of the discussion, students should arrive at a list of errors, similar to those listed in Section 10.3 of this book.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

IN-CLASS TASK 1: An awareness-raising task for teaching both academic writing and cohesion analysis would be to ask students to identify problems illustrated by extracts containing errors from low rated papers. They would have to group the problems and come up with error classification criteria.
IN-CLASS TASK 2 / HOME ASSIGNMENT: Awareness-raising through peer-editing may be very useful to familiarize students with the kinds of errors they tend to make. If time allows, analysis of one’s own writing, especially compared to someone else’s analysis of the same paper is highly useful: differences between the analyses should reveal sources of ambiguity or vagueness that the writer alone would not discover. If this task is too ambitious, a few paragraphs may be enough to raise awareness.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Depending on the amount of time available and the needs and interests of a particular group, reference may be approached from various perspectives. In any case, what is most relevant is for students to become aware of how reference affects the structure of the text and to discover how incorrect items may be misleading for the reader. It is probably unnecessary to burden them with too much information about the grammatical details. Their discovery of referential patterns may be supported by the analysis of short texts of various kinds without going into too much detail about the types of reference items. Appendix B provides an introduction to such an analysis.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Determiners are used slightly differently by expert and novice writers. When there are two grammatically acceptable forms (e.g., all of the students / all students or few of the students / few students, etc.), usually the shorter form without the definite article is applied by expert writers, frequently followed by a prepositional phrase which specifies its reference. On the other hand, novice writers prefer the longer form (e.g., all of the participants), without further specification. An obvious advantage of avoiding the use of the definite article in such phrases, as long as the reference of the item is clear (because the presupposed item is easy to recover or is close enough) is that it relies more on the lexical aspect of the cohesive connection – and thus allows for longer distance references. As for determiner use in RAs, it was clear that experts do not only avoid using the definite article, but at the same time, make ample use of methods for specifying what exactly they mean by those determiners (e.g., all participants in Group1). Expert writers make use of brackets to provide information for clarification (about twice as often as novice writers do). For a home assignment, therefore, teachers may ask students to collect sentences or paragraphs from RAs where writers specify the reference of a determiner in brackets, preferably on separate pieces of paper for each instance. Then, a 10-minute follow-up discussion in class may involve categorizing these instances in groups on posters, for example.
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