Gabriella Jenei: Referential Cohesion in Academic Writing • A descriptive and exploratory theory- and corpus-based study of the text-organizing role of reference in written academic discourse
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Appendices
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Appendix A – Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) coding scheme and an outline of the guidelines for the analysis of cohesion

Appendix A – Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) coding scheme and an outline of the guidelines for the analysis of cohesion

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This summary was sent to the other coder as a reminder of this analytical tool (she was already familiar with it). She was asked to consult me whenever she had any doubts or questions concerning the analysis.
 

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The process of analysis

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The coding scheme provides a means of representing the cohesive patterns in a text. Each sentence is given an index number, and the total number of ties in that sentence is entered into the appropriate column. Then for EACH TIE we specify (A) the type of cohesion and (B) its distance and direction.

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A COHESIVE TIE: the RELATION between a cohesive element and element presupposed by it. Any cohesive tie may be immediate (presupposing an item in a contiguous sentence), mediated (having one or more intervening sentences that enter a chain of presupposition) or remote (having one or more intervening sentences not involved in the presupposition). Finally, it may be anaphoric or cataphoric; cataphoric ties are relatively infrequent and almost always immediate. A tie is assumed to be anaphoric unless marked ‘K’.
 

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DIRECTION AND DISTANCE OF COHESION

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Type of tie
Coding
immediate
0
Not immediate:
mediated [number of intervening sentences]
M[n]
remote non-mediated [number of intervening sentences]
N[n]
cataphoric [number of intervening sentences]
K[n]
 
Appendix A - continued

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Coding scheme: REFERENCE
Type of cohesion
Referring item
Coding: R
I.
Pronominals
1
(1)
singular, masculine
he, him, his
11
(2)
singular, feminine
she, her, hers
12
(3)
singular, neuter
it, its
13
(4)
plural
they, them, their, theirs
14
I(1–8) functioning as:
(a) non-possessive, as Head
he/him, she/her, it, they/them, I/me, we/us, you
.6
(b) possessive, as Head
his, hers, (its), theirs, mine, ours, yours
.7
(c) possessive, as Deictic
his, her, its, their, my, our, your
.8
2.
Demonstratives and definite article
2
(1)
demonstrative, near
this/these, here
21
(2)
demonstrative, far
that/those, there, then
22
(3)
definite article
the
23
2(1–3) functioning as:
(a) nominal, Deictic or Head
this/these, that/those, the
.6
(b) place adverbial
here, there
.7
(c) time adverbial
then
.8
3.
Comparatives (not complete list)
3
(1)
identity
e.g., same, identical
31
(2)
similarity
e.g., similar(ly), such
32
(3)
difference
e.g., different, other, else, additional
33
(4)
comparison, quantity
e.g., more, less, as many; ordinals
34
(5)
comparison, quality
e.g., as+ adjective; comparatives and superlatives
35
3(1–5) functioning as:
(a) Deictic
(1–3)
.6
(b) Numerative
(4)
.7
(c) Epithet
(5)
.8
(d) Adjunct or Submodifier
(1–5)
.9
 
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