6.1. Introduction

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This part of the monograph describes three stages of the five-stage process (Chapter 4, Table 10: Stages 2–3–4) that lead to the final form of the proposed analytical tool for the study of the text-organizing role of reference in academic writing. The first stage (Chapter 6) is an attempt to overcome the problems pointed out in Chapter 5 that undermine the use of Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) taxonomy as an analytical tool. Although Chapter 5 raised several questions regarding the analytical process, all of them cannot be handled in one single attempt if analysis is to remain consistent. This first step only intends to apply the categories of reference items arrived at in Chapter 3 (Table 8) and reshape the layout of the analysis. Ideas were borrowed from other models for the analysis of patterns in text (e.g., Hasan, 1984; Károly, 2002; Lautamatti, 1987; Thompson, 1994) to transform the taxonomy into a visual representation of cohesive chains and make it a reliable analytical tool. An analysis of 10 research articles (RAs) was carried out to check the feasibility and reliability of the analytical tool. While this empirical study proved that the tool is reliable, practical and theoretical problems were raised during the analysis, which resulted in a second version of the analytical tool.

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The second version (Chapter 7) of the tool includes the analysis of not only cohesive, but also the non-cohesive referring items. Both co-coders and I had problems deciding about the cohesive or non-cohesive status of certain referring items in the research articles. Therefore, non-cohesive categories were specified to account for all instances of grammatical or exophoric lexical items that need a referent somewhere in the text, the context in which the text was produced. As it was hypothesized that the cohesive or non-cohesive types of ties both contribute to how we may characterize texts in terms of reference, the corpus for the second empirical study included not only a new set of 10 RAs research articles but MA theses as well, to see whether the analysis of non-cohesive categories proves to be meaningful in the description of the two genres.

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The aim of the third stage (Chapter 8) is to explore the problem areas that students have using reference as a cohesive device. As a result of the previous analysis of RAs and MA theses in Stage 2, it was found that to account for all reference items in student writing, learner errors in the use of reference also need to be taken into consideration. For this reason, this part of the monograph intends to collect and categorize typical learner errors found in a corpus of 10 MA theses.

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The outcome of these three stages of research is a Referential Cohesion Analysis tool that encompasses all the relevant aspects of reference for us to be able to analyze both expert and student papers in a reliable way and will be tested in the fifth stage (Chapter 9).
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