6.3. The taxonomy: Referential Cohesion Analysis

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The present analytical tool, Referential Cohesion Analysis (RCA), had Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) taxonomy and method as a starting point. The taxonomy is a strong theoretical background for any cohesion analysis; however, their method for analysis (see Chapter 5) is limited in a number of ways (see Section 5.3.5). Briefly, concerning any analyzed text, the result of their analysis yields the following data for each sentence: the number of cohesive ties and the types of ties in them. In addition, for each cohesive item, there is a number that indicates its distance from the last presupposed item, along with a number that indicates how many presupposed items lead us to the original one. By the end of the analysis, one can tell the frequency of the various (lexical, grammatical, conjunctive, etc.) kinds of cohesive ties in the text, and can find the longest chains by looking at the numbers for the longest distances. However, enumerating all the referential chains and following through on the actual elements that a chain contains using this method of analysis is virtually impossible. As regards the structure of the text, the distribution of the cohesive chains, and their actual content, Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) method says very little. The analysis is slow, and overlaps between categories result in inconsistencies in the analysis. Overall, the method cannot handle errors encountered in texts effectively. Any ambiguity or vagueness undermines the results of the whole analysis (the cohesive chains break); moreover, it cannot display cohesive ties between multiple or missing presupposed items.

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In an attempt to overcome these limitations, the referential relationships that occur within a text were visualized, and similarly to Hasan’s (1984) “grammatical cohesive chains” (196) or “identity chains” (205), the concept was that for each chain whose members are co-referential, there is “an ultimate referent”. In Hasan’s (1984) model of cohesion, not only ambiguity, but also conjunctions and disjunctions in chains can be captured. Such chain interactions (functional connections of lexical items) form an important element of cohesive harmony, which in turn correlates with readers’ perceptions of the coherence of texts. This idea will also be taken up in this analysis of reference, but to distinguish between the two (Hasan’s cohesive harmony and this reference analysis), chains of reference will be described as splitting and merging, and slightly different criteria will be used for chain formation.

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The revised analytical tool in this study is in many ways analogous to the representation of Topical Structure in texts (TSA) proposed by Lautamatti (1987). Her concept of topic continuity, or extended parallel progression, is very similar to the linearity of referential chains assumed here. Additionally, Lautamatti’s sequential progression is close to the way newly introduced referential items are treated in this study. TSA represents the relations between sentential and discourse topics by placing sentence topics with parallel progression exactly below each other, while sequential topics are indented progressively (a sample analysis can be found in Appendix C). A topic with extended parallel progression is again entered into the chart under the topic to which it refers. This way, progressive indenting is an indicator of topical depth.
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