3.4.1.2. Study 3 – The Main Study in the Secondary School Context

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To ensure the participation of teachers representing different age groups, teaching contexts and geographical locations, several steps were taken. First, a database was compiled of those English teachers’ email addresses whose data was available on their school’s website. After the compilation of the database, emails with the link to the online questionnaire were sent out to 1077 secondary school teachers. The call for participation can be seen in Appendix D. Second, the link to the questionnaire was posted to several groups on social media, such as Mi, angoltanárok (more than 3700 members), IATEFL-H Community (more than 1000 members) and ELTE-English Teachers 2012 (70 members) and it was also posted on the author’s personal profile. Third, the author’s colleagues were asked to distribute the link to the questionnaire among their teacher acquaintances.

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Even though the questionnaire reached approximately 5000 teachers, altogether 182 colleagues filled it in. The reason for the low return rate might be attributed to either the length of the questionnaire (it took 20-25 minutes to fill it in), or to the inopportune period it was distributed (at the end of the school year), or to the topic of the questionnaire. Some comments left on the questionnaire (or below the questionnaire on social media) and a hateful email I received after sending out the call for participation led me to the conclusion that some teachers found the topic of the questionnaire too contentious and interpreted it as “liberal propaganda”, thus decided not to participate in it at all. The participants, however, did turn out to be diverse, therefore the actions taken to recruit participants were successful. The respondents were all Hungarian EFL teachers (24 male, 157 female and 1 person did not indicate their gender), aged between 24 and 66 (M = 46.85, SD = 10.23) with a mean of 21.07 (SD = 11.03) years of teaching experience. To make comparison possible based on age, the participating teachers were put into three age groups: group 1 (n = 28) comprised of teachers under the age of 35, group 2 (n = 76) of teachers between the age of 35 and 50, and group 3 (n = 78) of teachers over the age of 50. The uneven distribution of the teachers into the groups did not pose any problems in the statistics, and it also reflects the realities of the aging teacher society in Hungary.
 

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Table 3.4 The Distribution of the Participants Based on School Types
Type of school
Maintenance
Number of participants
(N = 182)
Secondary grammar school
State
82
Bilingual secondary grammar school
6
Secondary technical school
41
Bilingual secondary technical school
2
Secondary vocational school
5
University practice school
3
Religious secondary grammar school
Church
30
Religious bilingual secondary grammar school
2
Religious bilingual technical school
3
Independent secondary school
Foundation
8
Note. Secondary grammar schools are maintained by the central body, Klebelsberg Institution Maintenance Centre and secondary technical schools and vocational schools by different vocational training centres, belonging to the Ministry of Innovation and Technology.
 

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As reported in Table 3.4, the participants represented very different school contexts. A vast majority of participants teach in state schools (n = 139): 83 in secondary grammar schools (gimnázium), 6 in bilingual secondary grammar schools (két tannyelvű gimnázium) 41 in secondary technical schools (technikum), 2 in bilingual technical schools (két tannyelvű technikum), 5 in secondary vocational schools (szakiskola), and 3 in university practice schools. 35 participants teach in schools maintained by religious orders: 30 in religious secondary grammar schools, 2 in religious bilingual grammar schools and 3 in religious secondary technical schools. 8 participants work in independent schools maintained by foundations (alapítványi iskola). In the analysis, the views of teachers working in schools maintained by the state (n = 139) and schools maintained by religious orders or foundations (n = 43) are going to be compared, also the views of teachers working in secondary grammar schools (n = 132) are going to be compared with those professionals who work in secondary technical and vocational schools (n = 50).
 

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Table 3.5 The Distribution of the Participants based on their Settlement Types
Type of Settlement
Number of Participants
Capital
91
Large town (more than 100,000 inhabitants)
36
Middle town (between 20,000 and 100,000 inhabitants)
44
Small town (between 5,000 and 20,000 inhabitants)
11
 

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Even though the questionnaire was equally distributed in all the schools where teachers’ email addresses were made available on their school’s website, the geographical distribution of the participants is somewhat uneven. First, as shown in Table 3.5, the participants were asked about the type of settlement they teach in: 50% of the respondents (n = 91) teach in the capital, Budapest, 19.2% (n = 36) in a larger town (more than 100,000 inhabitants), 24.2% (n = 44) in a middle town (between 20,000 and 100,000 inhabitants), 6% (n = 11) in a small town (between 5,000 and 20,000 inhabitants). Even though there were large differences in the numbers of participants representing each settlement type, there were an equal number of participants from the capital (n = 91) and from the countryside (n = 91), thus making the country-capital divide a background variable. To make cross-regional comparisons easier, the respondents were asked which county they teach in. They were then divided into 7 groups based on the statistical regions of Hungary; nevertheless, due to the low number of participants from some regions (e.g., Northern Great Plain, Southern Transdanubia), comparative statistical tests based on location could not be run.

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The participants were also asked about what other roles they have in their schools apart from teaching English. Slightly more than two-thirds of the participants (n = 130) claimed that they had extra roles in their schools besides teaching English, such as being head teachers, coordinating projects, being responsible for students’ volunteering service, or being teacher team leaders. They were also asked whether they play any public roles in society, and only 6.6% (n = 12) claimed that they do. Finally, they were asked whether they had received any training about teaching global, local, or intercultural issues, and only 24.7% (n = 45) responded that they had.
 
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