Renáta Berta, Orsolya Adamcsik, Ildikó Galambos, Nikoletta Kovács, Gábor Maász, Zita Zrínyi, Etelka Tombácz: What are we drinking? • Microplastic problems, current situation
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7. Technologies to produce water free of micropollutants and microplastics for different raw waters (drinking water, well water)

7. Technologies to produce water free of micropollutants and microplastics for different raw waters (drinking water, well water)

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Microplastics are ubiquitous in ecosystems, and there is a risk of human exposure. Focusing on the U.S. diet, research [215] assessed the daily intake of microplastic particles through commonly consumed foods, inhalation (breath), and drinking water. Annual microplastic consumption is estimated to be 39,000–52,000 particles. In addition, consumers of bottled drinking water may invest an additional 90,000 microplastic particles per year, compared to 4,000 per year for consumers of tap water. According to the authors, these levels are likely underestimated, making them an even greater warning, especially when drinking bottled water.

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The problem of microplastic pollution is intensively researched worldwide; one of the sources of human ingestion is drinking water, but to the best of our knowledge, there is no technology available yet to produce microplastic-free water. As a European Union brochure published in 2019 states, “Microplastics: new methods are needed to filter small particles from drinking water” [216]. The amount of microplastic particles in tap water is low (Section 3.2.2), which is probably because i) they are present in negligible amounts in subsurface source waters and their amount does not increase during drinking water treatment, and ii) current water treatment technologies in surface source waters remove them along with other suspended contaminants.

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The analysis and prevention of pollution by microplastics (MP) in water bodies, as well as their removal, are considered one of the most important problems worldwide [217]. Today, it is estimated that between 4 and 12 million tons of plastic enter the oceans each year and by 2050, the amount of plastic will exceed the quantity of fish. The mentioned study summarizes and provides current data on the sources, occurrence, transport, and fate of MP in aquatic ecosystems, as well as the conditions and factors that influence their distribution. It also outlines the technical (e.g. membrane bioreactor, biologically active filter, electrocoagulation, electrooxidation) and biotechnological (enzymatic hydrolysis or degradation of plastics with specific bacteria) tools that will help control, reduce, or even eliminate the pollutants in the near future.

7.1. Microplastics in current drinking water treatment practice

7.2. Combined procedures

7.3. Membrane separation processes for the removal of potential emerging pollutants (PEPs).

7.4. Prospects

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