Extended and text reference differ from other forms of cohesion in that the pronoun it and the demonstratives (this, that, these, those, the) are used to refer to a larger portion of text than a single entity. In the case of extended reference, the referent embodies “a process or a sequence of processes (grammatically, a clause or a string of clauses, not just a single nominal)” (Halliday & Hasan, 1976, 52). Text reference involves referring to an event, which may not be explicitly formulated in the wording of the text. Besides the pronoun it, the demonstratives this and that may also have this function. On the basis of their analyzed literary text (Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland), Halliday and Hasan conclude that extended reference accounts probably “for the majority of all instances of demonstratives in all except a few specialized varieties of English” (ibid., 66). They also point to the distinction that in extended reference that/those are always anaphoric, while this/these can be both anaphoric and cataphoric. A typical example for the latter is when pointing forward to a subsequent text part is achieved by this/these + noun, where the two sentences are typically joined by a colon – which, as they interpret it, is an orthographic signal of cataphoric cohesion. The definite article with a noun that specifies its meaning may likewise be used for extended or text reference.