József Tóth, László V. Szabó (eds): Übersetzung und kulturelles Gedächtnis – Translation and Cultural Memory
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Translation of Realia and Irrealia in Two Pop-Culture-Related Movies • Nóra Estélyi-Tala, Ildikó Hortobágyi
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1. Main Trends in Translation: Domestication and Foreignisation
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1.1. Taxonomies used

1.1. Taxonomies used

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One of the most prominent areas where this phenomenon emerges is the translation of realia, or culture-specific phenomena, where the translator has to make a decision as to how to convey the message unknown to the target-language readers. In the past decades, a major shift can be observed on the spectrum between the two poles of translation methods, foreignisation and domestication (or sometimes also referred to as exoticism/assimilation, source/target, foreign/familiar, Self/Other, etc. (Ramière 2006), at least in audiovisual translation (AVT), toward the former one (Sereg 2016; Tukhtarova et al. 2021; Espindola & Matielo 2011). Ramière’s translation strategies continuum (Ramière 2006: 156) adequately illustrates the axis with the two poles (Table 1).

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However, as the figure shows, there are holes in the list, therefore, in the present paper, Mujzer-Varga’s taxonomy (see Table 2; Mujzer-Varga 2009) is used as a basis, where the most frequently applied methods are listed in order – from the most foreignising methods to the most domesticating ones.
 

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Table 1. Typical progression of procedures found in the literature (Ramière 2006: 156)

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Table 2. The connection between translation strategies and translation methods (Mujzer-Varga 2009: 6)

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Transliteration is the same as Ramière’s transference or borrowing, addition equals explanation, adaptation is coterminous with cultural substitution, also called localisation in other relevant literature (e.g. Davies 2003), and literal translation and direct translation also refer to the same method. Additionally, Mujzer-Varga also includes operations that were omitted in the scale provided by Ramière: transliteration with minor changes (in spelling), partial equivalent (where some part of the realia is kept in its original form, but another part is translated literally, e.g.: Rákóczi út – Rákóczi Road), elimination (or omission in other relevant literature), and generalisation.

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An amendment needs to be introduced here: neither of the taxonomies mentions the case if the original expression is completely omitted, yet an explanatory addition is inserted instead, which is not necessarily a generalisation, but rather an explanation, which in the present paper will be called paraphrase, based on Klaudy & Heltai (2020). As it may have the effect of making the audience oblivious of the omitted realia, it will be considered an operation closer to the domestication/adaptation end of the spectrum.

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Also, the opposite of generalisation seems to be missing: specification is not present in her list; as a result, this was included in our taxonomy.

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Another interesting notion is that there is a disagreement between scholars as for the order of certain translation methods. For one, Ramière and Mujzer-Varga judge the order of addition/explanation and direct/literal translation differently. In Mujzer-Varga’s taxonomy, addition is closer to the foreignisation pole than direct translation, which is logical, as it may make the audience aware of the fact that it is a culture-specific term from the source culture (SC), while in the case of direct translation, it may not even be realised that it was realia.
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