Viktor Bérces: Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
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Chapter II. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in Hungarian law
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2.1. The primordial society

2.1. The primordial society

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The most important function of the leaders of the early communities was conflict management. Disputes had not yet reached the level of litigation, but were only aimed at finding out the material truth and reaching – some kind of – settlement. They were typically conducted in public, with the result that the parties were sooner or later forced to reach a compromise.1 The proceedings were conducted on an equal footing and the parties were free to present their views to the community. The role of the tribal leader (head of the tribe) did not include decision-making, but only the presentation of possible solutions between the parties. Coercive power was mainly manifested in public pressure.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Towards the end of the period, certain centralisation tendencies in judicial activity had already emerged. The first step was the establishment of an independent judiciary, which also led to the systematisation and predictability of the common law (consuetudo). The person of the judge also conveyed the authority of the king, which made the proceedings more efficient, both in terms of the conclusion of agreements and their enforcement.2
1 “The disobedient, unpeaceful boor, stubborn in his resentment, could easily lose the umbrella of belonging to the community.” Barna Mezey – László Pomogyi. In Mezey Barna (ed.): Magyar Jogtörténet. [Hungarian Legal History.] Budapest, Osiris, 2001. 359.
2 Mezey–Pomogyi (2001) ibid. 360.
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