Copyright Page
ISBN 978 963 664 047 7
First English edition: 2024
Published by Akadémiai Kiadó
H-1509 Budapest, P.O. Box 245
Member of Wolters Kluwer Group
© Viktor Bérces, 2024
© Akadémiai Kiadó, 2024
This is an open-access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.
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- Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
- Copyright Page
- Foreword
- chevron_rightChapter I. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in universal law
- 1.1. The development of ancient Greek law
- 1.2. The “acquis” of ancient Roman law
- 1.3. History of the development of Italian law
- 1.4. History of the development of French law
- chevron_right1.5. The history of the development of Germanic law
- 1.6. The general structure of continental legal systems in Europe (civil age)
- chevron_right1.7. The Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions
- 1.1. The development of ancient Greek law
- chevron_rightChapter II. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in Hungarian law
- 2.1. The primordial society
- 2.2. Characteristics of the accusatorial evidence procedures (X–XIV c.)
- 2.3. The rise of the inquisitorial form of procedure in Hungary
- chevron_right2.4. The stages of the trial under Act XXXIII of 1896 (I. Bp.)
- 2.5. Changes in the regulation of the investigative phase under socialism
- 2.6. The effects of the regime change and Act XIX of 1998
- 2.1. The primordial society
- chevron_rightChapter III. Basic concepts of evidence
- chevron_right3.1. Levels of interpretation of the concept of proof
- 3.1.1. Definitions and theories of the concept of proof
- 3.1.2. Proof as a logical activity
- 3.1.3. The subject of evidence: the relevant facts
- 3.1.4. The evidentiary procedure as a specific form of knowledge of the law enforcement authorities
- 3.1.5. Taxonomic classification of evidence according to the procedural sections
- 3.1.1. Definitions and theories of the concept of proof
- 3.2. Procedural system – system of evidence
- 3.3. A fact to be proved – evidentiary fact – means of proof – act of proof – evidence – relevance – evidential force
- 3.4. Verification and weighing of evidence
- chevron_right3.1. Levels of interpretation of the concept of proof
- chevron_rightChapter IV. Principles of evidence
- 4.1. Concept and classification of the principles of evidence
- 4.2. Presumption of innocence in evidence
- chevron_right4.3. Objective and subjective criteria of impartiality
- 4.4. The principle of charge and official proceedings
- 4.5. The principle of prohibition of self-incrimination
- 4.6. The in dubio pro reo principle
- 4.7. Principle of independent assessment of criminal liability
- chevron_right4.8. The principle of “due process” and its sub-principles
- 4.9. Obligation to complete the taking of evidence within a reasonable time
- 4.10. The principle of collegiality. Ethics of evidence
- chevron_right4.11. Legality of evidence (the principle of legality)
- 4.1. Concept and classification of the principles of evidence
- chevron_rightChapter V. The Anglo-Saxon system of evidence today
- 5.1. General features of evidence procedures
- chevron_right5.2. Specialities of the English system
- chevron_right5.3. Characteristics of the US evidence system
- 5.1. General features of evidence procedures
- chevron_rightChaper VI. Continental-type evidence systems today
- 6.1. General characteristics of evidence procedures
- 6.2. The French model
- 6.3. The Italian model
- chevron_right6.4. The German model
- 6.4.1. Specificities of the investigative phase under the German Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung, hereafter: StPO)
- 6.4.2. Characteristics of the status of the debtor
- 6.4.3. Characteristics of the legal status of the defender under the rules of the StPO
- 6.4.4. The system of means of evidence under the StPO rules
- 6.4.5. The intermediate procedure
- 6.4.6. Rules of court procedure at first instance under the StPO
- 6.4.7. Specific features of the evidentiary acts at trial
- 6.4.1. Specificities of the investigative phase under the German Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung, hereafter: StPO)
- 6.5. The Dutch model
- 6.6. The Serbian model
- 6.7. Conclusions: ways of resolving the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and continental systems of proof
- 6.1. General characteristics of evidence procedures
- chevron_rightChapter VII. The material and formal concept of truth • The concept and practical problems of the level of certainty
- chevron_right7.1. The distinction between truth and certainty
- 7.2. The level of certainty in Anglo-Saxon legal systems
- 7.3. The level of certainty in continental legal systems
- 7.4. International perspective on the degrees of certainty and the specificities of evidence systems
- 7.5. Cases of incomplete evidence in criminal proceedings
- chevron_right7.6. Cases of excessive evidence in criminal proceedings
- 7.7. The phenomenon of under-proofing
- 7.8. Conclusions
- chevron_rightChapter VIII. The basic features of the Hungarian evidence system • The means of evidence in general
- 8.1. General features of the Hungarian evidence system
- chevron_right8.2. General rules of witness evidence in Hungarian practice
- 8.3. Guarantees and practical aspects of the accused’s testimony
- chevron_right8.4. Basic principles of expert evidence
- 8.4.1. The concept and boundaries of expert competence. Content requirements for the expert opinion
- 8.4.2. The principle of “equality of arms” in the field of expert evidence. The importance of private expert opinions
- 8.4.3. The effectiveness of expert evidence in Hungarian practice. Summary Opinion of the Jurisprudence Analysis Group of the Curia
- 8.4.4. On the Hungarian practice of certain specialised expert activities
- 8.4.5. Summary findings on expert evidence
- 8.4.1. The concept and boundaries of expert competence. Content requirements for the expert opinion
- 8.5. The probation officer’s opinion
- chevron_right8.6. The material means of evidence. Doctrinal issues relating to the classification of deeds and documents
- 8.7. Electronic data
- chevron_right8.8. Prohibitions on evidence
- 8.1. General features of the Hungarian evidence system
- chevron_rightChapter IX. Evidence in the preparatory and investigative stages
- chevron_right9.1. About the investigative phase in general
- 9.2. Terminology issues in relation to the new CPC
- 9.3. Preparatory procedure: the process of establishing suspicion of a criminal offence
- chevron_right9.4. Investigation I: The detection phase
- 9.4.1. Handling of denunciations
- 9.4.2. The hearing of witnesses
- 9.4.3. Specificities of expert evidence. Private experts and expert advisers
- 9.4.4. Evidentiary acts during detection I: inspection
- 9.4.5. Evidentiary acts in the course of detection II: the attempt to prove
- 9.4.6. Evidentiary acts during detection III: presentation for identification
- chevron_right9.4.7. Data collection methods: open and covert instruments
- 9.4.8. The central procedural act of detection: the interrogation of suspects as the “scene” of incrimination
- 9.4.9. Closing the detection
- 9.4.1. Handling of denunciations
- chevron_right9.5. Investigation II: the examining
- 9.5.1. General characteristics of the examining
- 9.5.2. Coercive measures restricting personal liberty subject to judicial authorisation as a characteristic of the examining
- 9.5.3. Evidentiary acts during examining I: on-the-spot interview
- 9.5.4. Evidentiary acts during examining II: confrontation
- 9.5.5. Evidentiary acts during examining III: instrumental testimony check
- 9.5.1. General characteristics of the examining
- chevron_right9.6. Special forms of investigation
- chevron_rightChapter X. The possibilities of excluding evidence and the conditions for indictment at the prosecution (intermediate) stage
- chevron_right10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. The prospect of a prosecution measure or decision
- chevron_right10.3. General characteristics of the mediation process (mediation)
- 10.4. The conditional suspension of the prosecutor
- chevron_right10.5. The indictment. Who is entitled to prosecute and what are the charging documents?
- 10.5.1. Conditions for the legality of the accusation
- 10.5.2. Consequences of the absence of a statutory charge
- 10.5.3. On prosecution in general. The problem of “prosecutorial certainty”
- 10.5.4. Legality and unfoundedness of the prosecution’s case
- 10.5.5. The indictment
- 10.5.6. Special cases of prosecution I: the prosecutorial phase of the settlement procedure
- 10.5.7. Special cases of prosecution II: the prosecution phase of the trial
- 10.5.1. Conditions for the legality of the accusation
- chevron_rightChapter XI. Evidence in court proceedings
- 11.1. Preparation of the court proceedings at first instance
- chevron_right11.2. Functions and characteristics of preparatory meetings in litigation
- 11.3. About the trial at first instance in general
- chevron_right11.4. The specific principles and framework of evidence at first instance. Criticisms of the current rules
- chevron_right11.5. Basic rights of trial
- chevron_right11.6. The role of the defender in the trial
- 11.7. The impact of the rules of trial ethics on evidence
- chevron_right11.8. Evidence in the course of first instance proceedings
- 11.8.1. Special features of the interrogation of the accused at first instance
- 11.8.2. Special features of the examination of a witness at first instance
- 11.8.3. Peculiarities of expert evidence at first instance
- 11.8.4. The importance of documentary evidence and possible amendment of the charge before the plea
- 11.8.1. Special features of the interrogation of the accused at first instance
- chevron_right11.9. The importance of trial speeches in evidence
- 11.10. The practical significance of the reply, rejoinder and right of the last word
- chevron_right11.11. Judicial discretion depending on the outcome of the evidence
- 11.12. The appeal as the basis for the second instance evidence
- chevron_right11.13. Evidence in appeal proceedings
- chevron_right11.14. Evidence in repeated proceedings
- chevron_right11.15. Interpretation of “novum” and the particularities of proof in the case of a retrial
- 11.1. Preparation of the court proceedings at first instance
- chevron_rightChapter XII. The evidentiary features of juridical proceedings in each of the special procedures
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Special features of juvenile court proceedings
- 12.3. Evidentiary issues in military criminal proceedings
- 12.4. The judicial phase of the trial
- 12.5. The judicial phase of plea bargaining proceedings
- 12.6. The procedure for obtaining a summary judgement
- chevron_right12.7. The judicial phase of private prosecutions
- 12.8. Substitute private prosecution procedure
- chevron_right12.9. Proceeding against an absent defendant
- 12.10. Theoretical preliminary questions and rules of evidence applicable to the commission of border-related offences
- 12.1. Introduction
- Concluding thoughts
- Bibliography
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