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6.6. The Serbian model

6.6. The Serbian model

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The latest novelty of the Serbian Code of Criminal Procedure is the process of expanding the range of tools for secret data gathering. When the law entered into force on 29 March 2002, it introduced a number of forms of intelligence gathering, while allowing its use only for certain crimes.

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Above all, it has created the possibility of monitoring conversations via telephone or other voice recording devices and of recording individuals by optical means in relation to (1) offences against constitutional order and security, (2) offences against humanity and international law, (3) offences committed in the framework of organised crime and (4) certain specifically named offences1 . The ordering of these measures falls within the jurisdiction of the court (investigating judge), which must indicate the details of the person concerned, the basis of the suspicion, the form of execution, the scope and duration of the procedural act.2

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Since then, the legislation has further expanded the “arsenal” of legal instruments for obtaining secret data subject to judicial authorisation. In order to detect criminal offences, it has enabled investigating authorities and prosecutors to

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

  1. provide fictitious legal services or enter into the same legal transactions in cases of counterfeiting, money laundering, drug abuse, illegal possession of weapons and explosives, trafficking in human beings, child trafficking for adoption, bribery or abuse of authority; 3
  2. use undercover investigators for crimes against constitutional order, crimes against property protected by humanity and other international law, or crimes punishable by more than 4 years’ imprisonment;4
  3. conduct computer searches of personal and other data, which may only cover personal and related data (e.g. in cases of homicide or crimes against sexual freedom);5
  4. use controlled transport, which is the movement of certain suspect consignments (e.g. drugs, weapons, stolen goods or goods derived from or used to commit other crimes) across state borders under the control of state authorities);6
  5. "reclassify” the suspect as a cooperating witness if there are reasonable grounds to suspect that he or she is a member of a criminal organisation, he or she expressly admits this and an investigation has been ordered or he or she has been directly charged; a further condition for the application of the scheme is
    • a reasonable belief that the importance of his or her testimony in detecting, proving or preventing the commission of the offence in the context of a criminal organisation “substantially outweighs” the harmful consequences of the offence he or she has committed;
    • on the basis of the facts established, there are reasonable grounds to believe that without his or her questioning it would be impossible or would be extremely difficult to establish further relevant facts.7
1 See bribery, extortion, kidnapping. István Fejős. In Ferenc Nagy (ed.): Ad futuram memoriam ibid. 33.
2 The maximum duration is 3 months, but may be extended by a further 3 months in exceptional cases. The measure must be terminated immediately if the reason for its imposition no longer exists (§§ 145–146).
3 148–150. §§
4 The undercover investigator is usually an authorised official of the police force (§§ 151–153) In Fejős ibid. 41.
5 155. §
6 154. §
7 In: Fejős ibid. 45.
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