Anita Boros, Gyula Koi (eds): Sustainability and Law
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8.Other socio-legal, historical and general aspects
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8.1. Historical and legal aspects of sustainability. The beginnings of marriage, family, property and the state. Investigations from ancient society to postmodern society (Gyula Koi)
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8.1.5. The origin and role of (private) property

8.1.5. The origin and role of (private) property

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In relation to property, many people have argued against the institution of law since the beginning of the 20th century, using the false argument made in relation to marriage and religion, namely that it was created by violence and therefore not based on law and justice.1 Property is the subject of numerous historical works.2 The Sumerian urban civilisation, which first emerged as a small settlement on the island of El-Obeid or on the mound formed by the river, developed an effective political organisation, but the basic structure remained at the city-state level.3

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

During the founding of the Sumerian State, the god of the city was considered the owner of ‘the land and the people.’ This claim was exercised by the priests of the temple. However, it is not appropriate to view this as a manifestation of ‘primary property right’. The Sumerian temple considered the territory of the state as its own, regarding itself as the actual and unlimited owner of the land estates. No one else could dispose of the land except them. The temple transferred the right of use of the land to others under what, in modern terms, would be regarded as a land lease or loan. However, there is not a single real sale and purchase of land estate among the many thousands of Sumerian written records. This started – as the secondary literature shows – with the Semitic elements (the Akkadians) becoming dominant.4

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The Hungarian word ‘property’ refers to what belongs to someone. From this comes the verb ‘to own’ and the noun ‘owner.’ The Latin ‘dominium’ and ‘dominus’ express power and right of disposal over the thing owned.5 In Roman property law, property is usually emphasised as an absolute legal relationship.6 Property law is historically variable.7

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

It is a roughly 19th-century observation that, according to observations made among West African black tribes8 who grew up in matrilineal families, the husband and wife have separate property (a marriage system based on complete separation of property). They could not accept the community of property advocated by the whites. The woman does not desire the man’s property, and the man would not accept the woman’s property. They also considered the Judeo-Christian culture’s expectation that spouses should care more for each other and their children than for their mothers or siblings to be impossible.9 In the history of property, there are also many other regimes not mentioned in this sub-chapter (Germanic property, Slavic property, etc.).10
1 Sumner (1978) [1906] op. cit.106.
2 De Lavaleye, É. (1897-1898). A tulajdon és kezdetleges alakjai I.-II. [The property and its rudimentary forms I-II]. Transl.: Bartha B., Pulszky Á. (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia). 377; 352. ISBN no.
3 Clark (1975) op. cit. 140-141, 147-148.
4 Herzog, R. (1999). Ősi államok. A hatalomgyakorlás eredete és formái. [Ancient States. The origin and forms of the exercise of power]. Ed.: Kállói J., transl.: Patay-Horváth, A., rev.: Szántó, T. (Budapest:Corvina). 281. ISBN 963-13-4755-9
5 Boda (1980) op. cit. 19.
6 Szmodis (2005) op. cit. 192.
7 Harmathy (2019) op. cit. 145-148.
8 Sík E. (1964). : Fekete-Afrika története [History of Sub-Saharan Africa] I-IV. (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó) I. 211-232. (History of West Africa in general); II. 65-74., 249-266. (British West Africa); III. 181-182. (British Western Africa); IV. 231-262. (French West Africa).
9 Sumner (1978) [1906] op. cit. 170.
10 Lavaleye (1897-1898) op. cit.
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