Anita Boros, Gyula Koi (eds): Sustainability and Law
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7. Questions of environmental law and environmental administrations (Anita Boros-Petra Stankovics)
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7.2. Construction law (Anita Boros)
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7.2.2. Legal frameworks for the sustainability of buildings
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7.2.2.1. International legal frameworks for the sustainability of buildings and structures

7.2.2.1. International legal frameworks for the sustainability of buildings and structures

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Almost all of the UN’s seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (abbr. SDGs) can be linked to some aspect of the built environment. The most direct link can be identified regarding the promotion of inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, the promotion of innovation and the modernisation of infrastructure (SDG 9), inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements (SDG 11), as well as climate change and biological diversity and sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12, 13, 14 and 15). Their practical implementation is supported by a number of measures, including legal regulations, both at the international and national levels. Due to limitations of scope, we can only refer to the most important ones below.
 

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According to the Paris Agreement adopted in December 2015 as part of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the parties agreed to keep the increase of the global average temperature well below 2°C higher than the average temperature before industrialisation, and to strive to keep the rate of temperature increase below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. In order to integrate this, the sustainability of buildings has come to the fore in the law of many international organisations and individual nation states. Under the Paris Agreement, governments must reaffirm their commitments every five years.

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Launched in 2020, the Global Buildings Climate Tracker has been evaluating the progress1 of the decarbonisation of the construction industry since 2015. No significant improvement could be shown globally until 2022, which proves that much more effective action is needed than before. WorldGBC has developed the ‘Global Policy Principles for Sustainable​ Built Environment’ document, which sets out proposals for action in seven key areas - carbon emissions, resilience, circularity, water, biodiversity, health, equity and access - to achieve the global goals.2

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The legislative processes started along the international target system are of different depth and nature. According to the UN Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction (2020)3 document, many countries do not have meaningful or coordinated policies to address sustainability, energy performance or CO2 emissions in the construction industry, however, there has been a shift in recent years in regulation in the direction of formulating the rules necessary for the limitation of global temperature rise of 1.5°C. The document also confirms that less than 40% of countries submitting Nationally Determined Contributions mention the issue of building energy efficiency and less than 30% mention specific regulations regarding building energy issues.

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According to the Global Monitoring of Policies for Decarbonising Buildings report (2024)4 published by the OECD in October 2024, there has been some movement in national regulations compared to the UN’s 2020 report, however, only half of the countries have incorporated measures related to buildings into the Nationally Determined Contribution, and about half have a monitoring framework that could monitor the progress of decarbonisation efforts at the local level.
 
1 ‘Developing the Global ABC Building Climate Tracker. The methodology for tracking decarbonisation action and impact of the buildings and construction sector globally.’ https://www.bpie.eu/publication/a-methodology-for-tracking-decarbonisation-action-and-impact-of-the-buildings-and-construction-sector-globally-developing-the-globalabc -building-climate-tracker/ (accessed: 29 October 2024)
2 ‘Global policy principles for a sustainable built environment. World Green Building Council, London.’ <https://worldgbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/WorldGBC-Global-Policy-Principles_FINAL.pdf> (accessed: 29 October 2024)
3 ‘2020 Global status report for buildings and construction. Towards a zero-emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector.’ <https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2020%20Buildings%20GSR_FULL%20REPORT.pdf> (accessed: 29 October 2024)
4OECD, Global Monitoring of Policies for Decarbonising Buildings: A Multi- level Approach, OECD Urban Studies, (OECD Publishing, Paris, 2024) https://doi.org/10.1787/d662fdcb <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2024/10/global-monitoring-of-policies-for-decarbonising-buildings_7351bda4.html> (accessed: 29 October 2024)
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