5.3. Secondary law

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The European Union’s environmental and sustainability legislation is structured through a series of directives and regulations, each targeting specific areas such as waste management, water quality, air pollution, biodiversity conservation, chemical safety, renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation. Below is a detailed examination of these legislative instruments, highlighting their objectives, scope, and mechanisms. Moreover, the Court of Justice of the European Union (abbr. CJEU) has played a pivotal role in interpreting and enforcing EU environmental and sustainability legislation. Through its judgments, the Court ensures that Member States comply with their obligations under various directives and regulations on (i) environmental protection, (ii) energy, (iii) climate protection, (iv) circular economy, and (v) reporting.
 

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Figure 37. Selection of the European Union’s sustainability regulations. Source: Compiled by the author
Topic
Law
Case
Environmental protection
Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC)
 
EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC, WFD)
C-525/12
Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (Directive 2008/50/EC, Directive 1999/30/EC)
C-637/18
Nature conservation: Directive 92/43/EEC: Habitats Directive; Directive 2009/147/EC: Birds Directive
C-254/19
C-900/19
Chemicals: Regulation 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
C-471/18 P
Energy
 
Renewable energy: energy mix and Directive 2018/2001/EU on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.
T-141/19
Energy efficiency: Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency
C-347/19
Climate protection
Directive 2003/87/EC on establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
-
the EU supports Member States in adapting to the impacts of climate change.
-
Circular economy
Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste.
C-463/01
C-292/99
Recycling of materials: the EU encourages the recycling of materials
Investment
Regulation 2020/852 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment
T-625/22
Reporting
EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD, 2022/2464)
C-465/00
C-279/12
Carbon accounting EU ETS (Directive 2003/87/EC and Regulation EU 2018/1999
C-366/10
Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 on sustainability‐related disclosures
 
 
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