7.5.3. Case Study 1: African Swine Fever (ASF) in Hungary

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African Swine Fever (abbr. ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, with severe socio-economic consequences for affected countries. While ASF does not pose a risk to human health, its economic and administrative impacts on livestock management are profound.1 The outbreak of ASF in Hungary has not only devastated the country’s pig farming industry but also imposed significant burdens on the healthcare administration responsible for managing and preventing animal disease outbreaks.2 ASF first appeared in Hungary in 2018, with confirmed cases in wild boar populations near the borders with Ukraine and Slovakia.3 Wild boars, often acting as vectors, rapidly spread the disease across the country, making it difficult to control due to their mobility and the resilience of the ASF virus. Despite early preventive measures, the virus infiltrated domestic pig farms, leading to extensive culling and strict biosecurity measures.4

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The impact of ASF on Hungary’s healthcare administration, particularly in terms of veterinary and agricultural services, was immense. The NÉBIH, responsible for animal health and food safety, was at the forefront of ASF management. The outbreak led to several significant administrative challenges. NÉBIH had to rapidly expand its surveillance efforts to monitor both wild and domestic pig populations. This included an increase in laboratory testing and the use of advanced tracking technology to monitor the movement of potentially infected animals.5 The increase in testing and surveillance activities overwhelmed the existing administrative capacity, requiring additional staffing and budget allocation. One of the most difficult aspects of managing the ASF outbreak was the large-scale culling of infected and at-risk animals. In 2020 alone, more than 300,000 pigs were culled to contain the disease.6 The administrative burden associated with managing compensation for farmers whose animals were culled was significant. The government provided financial compensation, which added pressure to the already strained administrative budget.7 Hungary’s pork industry, a major contributor to the agricultural economy, was severely affected by international restrictions on pork exports. NÉBIH had to navigate complex trade negotiations to manage the impact of these restrictions on Hungary’s economy. Negotiations with the European Union (EU) and non-EU countries about the regionalisation of export bans were particularly challenging, as these bans contributed to financial losses in the sector.8
1

EFSA (2020). (n.d.). Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union (November 2018 to October 2019). Wiley Online Library.

URL: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5996 (accessed: 23 September 2024).

2Report on the Review of Hungary’s Animal Health Statuses. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/hungary-status-review.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiKtdfi5eKIAxXUgf0HHc4_BysQFnoECBQQAw&usg=AOvVaw2gFf5734WfYiXOvSvCNaoY
3 Nagy, Z., Bálint, A., & Harsányi, M. (2021). ‘African Swine Fever outbreaks in Hungary: Disease surveillance, epidemiological control, and containment measures.’ Veterinary Microbiology, 47(8) Iss. 247. 108754.
4 OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). (2020). African Swine Fever in Europe: Hungarian case study. URL: https://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/african-swine-fever
5 Gyarmati, T., Kemenesi, G., & Bányai, K. (2020). ‘Molecular epidemiology of African Swine Fever in Hungary: Insights from whole-genome sequencing.’ 44(1), 111-118.
6 Ádám, T., Sándor, P., & Nagy, Z. (2022). ‘Economic consequences of African Swine Fever in Hungary: An analysis of livestock losses and compensation.’ Agricultural Economics, 68(3), 205-219.
7 Ádám-Sándor et al. (2022) op. cit.
8 Székelyhidi, Z. (2021). ‘Trade impacts of African Swine Fever: Hungary’s pork export restrictions in the EU context.’ Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 30(4), 619-635.
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