Anita Boros, Gyula Koi (eds): Sustainability and Law
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8.Other socio-legal, historical and general aspects
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8.3. From poor law administration to sustainable social administration. Theoretical milestones of Hungary (Gyula Koi)
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8.3.4. Zoltán Magyary, creator of a complex public administration approach, a trend of administrative science

8.3.4. Zoltán Magyary, creator of a complex public administration approach, a trend of administrative science

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The work of the internationally renowned Zoltán Magyary1 (1888-1945) and his scientific school combines the elements of the scientific principles of administrative law and public administration. His intermediary school integrates the scientific management approach of the USA with a comparative administrative law perspective.

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It is difficult to do justice to the scientific legacy of Zoltán Magyary in such a brief subsection. However, there are some common misconceptions about him that are worth correcting. The perception that he was a representative of American scientific management is wrong. He referred to his own school as the “public administration science trend,” which acted as a complex intermediary connecting administrative law, public administration theory, and scientific management.2

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Magyary’s institute, the Hungarian Institute of Public Administration Science (Hun. Magyar Közigazgatás-tudományi Intézet) worked towards this goal. Considered by some as a ‘single-book author’ (Lat. homo unius libri),he in fact wrote monographs in English,3 French,4 German,5 and Polish6 published by leading publishers, in addition to his seven Hungarian-language volumes7 (five of the latter are independent, and two are edited and co-authored; in the case of the work entitled Hungarian Public Administration, one chapter each was written by István Kiss (1906-1997) and Péter Elek (c. 1920-1945?), with a length of 18 and 11 pages, respectively, the remaining 647 pages being Magyary’s work). His important oeuvre should be referred to as thematic (works on science politics issues)8 or textual critical edition of his oeuvre should be produced.9

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It is worth mentioning that in Zoltán Magyary’s main work entitled Hungarian Public Administration from 1942, social or poverty administration is not mentioned separately. Social administration appears among the corporative bodies (public institutions, public bodies, public utilities – and public companies are also included here). These are now called quasi-state administrative bodies (András Patyi) or parastatal bodies/paraadministration (Lajos Lőrincz). Magyary states that most public institutions belong to the social public administration (or the religious and public education administration) under the Minister of the Interior.10

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In this context, the book ‘A közigazgatás és az emberek’ from 1939, written essentially by István Kiss, could be considered,11 which features an introduction written by Magyary,12 the study entitled “Fact-finding method in Public Administration”.13 Magyary also wrote the summary of the book.14

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The latter volume can be seen as a continuation of the 1941 work entitled The Social County (Hun. Szociális vármegye)15 which is also essentially the work of István Kiss, but Magyary also has significant findings on the topic discussed in the work.

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The preface was addressed to István Magyary Reviczky (c. 1900- after 1945), the sub-prefect (Hun. alispán) of Komárom County. (It is not clear whether he is a descendant of the 18th-century professor József Reviczky. Magyary Reviczky does not include the predicate Revisnye in the introduction). It discusses the data collection carried out by Magyary’s Hungarian Institute of Public Administration and the activities carried out in the organisation and development of ‘social work.’ It refers to the research published in the book ‘Public Administration and People’, which was carried out in the Tata district. The public welfare cooperative was organised based on the experiences gained at this location. The director of the county public welfare cooperative was István Kiss (1906-1997), a student of Magyary, and the lecturer was József Szaniszló (1913- after 1993), also a student. Magyary became involved in the work as a member of the cooperative’s board of directors, as evidenced by the preface.16

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The preparatory work for the cooperatives was carried out at the institute in Budapest. Magyary points out that the method of preparation, the development of the program, and the solution covering all details of its organisation were pioneering and unprecedented in Hungarian public administration. The working material is included in the volume.17

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It is also worth mentioning that Ede Egán (1851-1901), of Irish origin,18 alleviated some of the social problems by permanently raising their standard of economic existence before World War I with a successful campaign.19

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Similar is the reference by Magyary, based on which Lajos Esztergár (1894-1978)20 in his book, published in 1939, entitled On the pathway of Social Work (Hun. A szociális munka útján)21 turned from alms-giving into workers, alleviating the suffering of those in need22

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Historical lessons indicate that contemporary development is shifting from traditional poverty management towards sustainable social and human management, which also takes into account sustainability law research. One of the UN’s 17 sustainable development goals, Goal 1 of Economic Life, was formulated under the theme of ‘No poverty’. The above subsection is also suitable for presenting the theoretical and historical background of this issue.23
 
1 Koi (2013) op. cit. 107-154. Koi (2014) op. cit. 293-309.
2 Or, in Hungarian: “tudományos munkaszervezés.” Main representatives: Henri (Henry) Fayol (1841-1916), Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), James D. Mooney (1884-1957), Luther Gulick (1892-1993), Lyndall Urwick (1891-1993). Koi 2014. 293-295.
3 Magyary Z. (1938). The Industrial State. Ed.: Bouell, R. L.. New York City: Thomas Nelson and Sons).203. ISBN no.
4 Magyary Z. (1936). L’organisation des autorités et surtout le rôle du chef du gouvernement au sein de l’administration publique. (Varsovie: CISA) 160. ISBN no.
5 Magyary Z. ed. (1932). Die Entstehung einer internationalen Wissenschaftspolitik. Die Grundlagen der ungarischen Wissenschaftspolitik. (Leipzig-Budapest: Felix Meiner - Egyetemi Nyomda). 683. ISBN no.
6 Magyary Z. (1937). Organizacja władz a zwłaszcza rola szefa rzadu w administracji publicznej. [ The organization of authorities and especially the role of the head of government in public administration ]. (Warszawa: Towaczynstwo Pracy Spotoczno – Gospodarczy). 150. ISBN no.
7 Magyary Z. (1923). A magyar állam költségvetési joga. Közigazgatási jogi tanulmány. [Budgetary law of the Hungarian state. Public administration law study]. (Budapest: Studium). 224. Magyary Z. ed. (1927). A magyar tudománypolitika alapvetése. [Fundamentals of Hungarian Science Policy]. (Budapest:Egyetemi Nyomda). 683. ISBN no. Magyary Z. (1931). : A magyar tudományos nagyüzem megszervezése. Nyolc év a magyar tudományos élet kormányzatában. [The Organization of the Hungarian Scientific Enterprise. Eight Years in the Government of Hungarian Scientific Life.]. (Budapest: Danubia). 233. ISBN no. Magyary Z. (1934). Az amerikai államélet. A közigazgatás útja az Észak-Amerikai Egyesült Államokban. [American State Life. The Path of Public Administration in the United States of North America.]. (Budapest: Egyetemi Nyomda). 302. ISBN no. Magyary Z. (1936). A közigazgatás legfőbb vezetése szervezési szempontból. [The Supreme Leadership of Public Administration from an Organizational Perspective]. (Budapest:Egyetemi Nyomda). 52., 10 t. ISBN no. Magyary Z., Kiss I. (1939). A közigazgatás és az emberek. Tanulmány a tatai járás közigazgatásáról. [Public Administration and the People. A Study of the Public Administration of the Tata District]. (Budapest:Magyar Közigazgatás-tudományi Intézet). 377, 10 t. ISBN no. Magyary Z. (1942). Magyar közigazgatás. A közigazgatás szerepe a XX. század államában. [Hungarian Public Administration. The Role of Public Administration in the State of the 20th Century]. (Budapest:Egyetemi Nyomda). 675. ISBN no. (Independent publications shorter than 100 pages were not taken into account here).
8 Reprint of some science policy texts: Magyary Z. (2011). [1927-1932]. : „A tudományos versenyben megállás nincsen.” [“There is No Stopping in the Scientific Competition.”]. Ed.: Mezey, B.. (Budapest,: Gondolat) 168. ISBN no.
9 Magyary Z. (1919-1922) [2015]. Magyary Zoltán összes munkái 1919-1922. Kritikai kiadás I. [All works of Zoltán Magyary 1919-1922. Critical Edition I.]. Compiled by, introductory study, notes: Koi G. Series editor: Patyi A. Rev.: Máthé G. (Budapest:Nemzeti Közszolgálati és Tankönyv Kiadó) 237. ISBN: 978-615-5527-14-2 Serial ISSN: 2416-02-02 ISBN no.
10 Magyary (1942) op. cit. 219.
11 Magyary-Kiss (1939) op. cit. 5-377.
12 Magyary-Kiss (1939) op. cit. 9-10.
13 Magyary-Kiss (1939) 11-26.
14 Magyary-Kiss (1939) op. cit. 353-373.
15 Csiky J., Kiss I., – Magyary Z., Reviczky I., Szaniszló J. (1941). A szociális vármegye. A Komárom Vármegyei Közjóléti és Gazdasági Szövetség működése. [The social county. The operation of the Komárom County Public Welfare and Economic Association.]. (Budapest: Magyar Közigazgatás-tudományi Intézet) 120. ISBN no.
16 Magyary Z.n (1941a). Előszó. [Foreword]. In: Csiky J., Kiss I., Magyary Z., Reviczky I., Szaniszló J. : A szociális vármegye. A Komárom Vármegyei Közjóléti és Gazdasági Szövetség működése. [The social county. The operation of the Komárom County Public Welfare and Economic Association.]. (Budapest:Magyar Közigazgatás-tudományi Intézet). 5-6. ISBN no. Magyary Z. (1941b). Bevezetés. [Introduction]. In: Csiky J., Kiss I., Magyary Z., Reviczky I., Szaniszló J. : A szociális vármegye. A Komárom Vármegyei Közjóléti és Gazdasági Szövetség működése. [The social county. The operation of the Komárom County Public Welfare and Economic Association.]. (Budapest:Magyar Közigazgatás-tudományi Intézet). 7-10. ISBN no. 7-10. ISBN no.
17 Magyary (1941a) op. cit. 6.
18 Ede Egán (1851-1901) A Hungarian-born agriculturalist and cultural politician from an Irish princely family, educated in Germany, born in Hungary, agriculturist and cultural politician. He worked to reduce poverty in Transcarpathia among the Ruthenian people.
19 Magyary (1941b) op. cit. 8-9. p.
20 Lajos Esztergár (1894-1978) lawyer, councilor of Pécs, mayor of the city (1940-1944), founder of the National People's and Family Protection Fund. After World War I, he helped refugees from Transylvania. His classmate in elementary school was Áron Márton (1896-1980), later the much-persecuted Catholic bishop of Alba Iulia (Hun. Gyulafehérvár).
21 Esztergár L. (1939). A szociális munka útján. [On the Path of Social Work]. (Pécs: Kultúra Nyomda). 137. 1 t. ISBN no.
22 Magyary (1941b) op. cit. 9-10.
23 Kang, H., Kim, J. (2022). Analysing and visualizing text information in corporate sustainability reports using natural language processing methods. Applied Sciences, 12(11) 5614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115614
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