Anita Boros, Gyula Koi (eds): Sustainability and Law
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8.Other socio-legal, historical and general aspects
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8.4. Sustainability, law, administration. Historical background of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation/Soviet Union (Gyula Koi)
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8.4.1. Introduction – geographical and geopolitical foundations

8.4.1. Introduction – geographical and geopolitical foundations1

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Historical reality can be traced back to a series of geographical and geopolitical factors.

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To understand the history of contemporary Russian thought,2 it is necessary to understand the theory of the ‘Third Rome’ (Rus. третий Рим; tretij Rim). The theory of Moscow functioning as a ‘Third Rome’ was developed by Filofei/Philofey (Filofei of Pskov; Filofej; Greek monastic name Philotetos/Philotheus; Rus. Филофей Псковский; Filofej Pskovskij) between 1522 and 1524 drawing on the 6th novella of Justinian and canon law. He grounded it in the principle of the unity of secular and ecclesiastical authority (Lat. sacerdotium; Anc. Gr. hierosyné; Lat. imperium; Anc. Gr.; basileia). This framework also entailed the subordination of the church to the ruler (caesaropapism). The Second Rome was Constantinople. The Holy Roman Empire (Lat. Sacrum Romanum Imperium), as well as the Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation, or Svjaščennaja Rimskaja Imperija in the 16th century also served as the basis for the survival of Justinianic law in the form of a renewed Imperium Romanum. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Filofey theorised that Moscow would succeed Constantinople as the true centre of Christianity (as opposed to the Western Church).3

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Russian Catholic philosopher Nikolaj Aleksandrovič Berdyaev (1874-1948) suggests that Russian messianic consciousness would accompany Russian thought until communism, with the Russian Tsar being the “only Christian king of the globe” after the fall of Byzantium, and Filofey in his Letter of Bad Days and Hours says: “[T]he two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth.” (Soviet communists Vladimir Iljič Lenin4 [1870-1924, in power: 1917-1924] and Josif Vissarionovič Stalin5 [1878-1953, in power: 1924-1953] also had messianic consciousness).

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Compared to the old holy Russian Empire (cf.: Sacrum Romanum Imperium), the Soviet Union was a ‘reverse theocracy’6 characterised by materialistic and God-hating tendencies turning temples into atheistic museums.. Today, in the wake of artificial intelligence, Berdyaev’s 1923 idea that the emergence of machines is the greatest revolution in history is also noteworthy. Machine stand between man and nature, and defeat both nature and, ultimately, man. (It is enough to think of the nature-transforming, human- and machine-intensive mania aimed at changing the course of rivers in an era that did not yet know sustainability at all and knew only limited environmental protection, which could be euphemistically called a ‘Stalinist whim,’ and which mainly claimed the lives of GULAG prisoners).7

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The idea of Moscow as the Third Rome and the messianic sense of mission laid the foundation for the Russian conception of a ‘Eurasian Empire’ and for the distinct Russian geopolitical thinking associated with Aleksandr Geljevič Dugin (1962-). This worldview is shaded by the general uncertainty of the Russian philosophical folk spirit, the counterpoint of which is embodied in the Americanised, ever-active new type of man.

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When comparing Tsarist Russia (14738-1917); Soviet Russia (1917-1922); and the Soviet Union (1922-1991); and then the Russian Federation (1991-) eras, the territory of the state reached its largest extent in the Soviet era, 22,400,000 km2, but with its current area of 17,098,240 km2, today’s Russia is also the largest state in the world. Its population of 144,600,000 makes it the ninth most populous country. During the Soviet era, if we placed Canada, the second largest in terms of area, and China, the third largest, on the map of the Soviet Union, the remaining area would still have accommodated the six largest countries in Europe. Despite its physical size, Tsarist Russia was fifth in the world in industrial production in the last peace year of 1913 (with a population close to 90,000,000), accounting for 4% of world production. Agriculture accounted for 65% of the national income and 70% of exports. The Soviet Union became a global economic power. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (abbr. RSFSR) occupied 75% of the territory of the Soviet Union and 54% of the population in 1971. The Russian-language literature distinguishes 12 regions within the current Russian Federation.9

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In terms of the size of (?)land redistribution and collectivisation, the literature of regional science and political science cites the examples of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China, and Vietnam.10

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In addition to nuclear weapons, Russia’s key advantage today lies in the possession of the world’s second largest natural gas reserves (after the USA), and significant oil reserves, while the pricing policy of these energy sources remains an important factor. Today, a multimillion-strong Russian minority lives outside Russia, but in the territory of the former Soviet Union.11

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Russia’s space capabilities are significant, which have resulted in several firsts for them. They have reached Venus and Mars and have put several space stations into orbit (the world’s first in 1971). Since the events of February 2022, the United States has imposed an embargo on semiconductors, sensors, lasers, and navigation equipment.12

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Regarding China, during the imperial era, according to Russian-language sources, the population of Northeast China tripled between 1890 and 1930 (Shenyang, or Mukden in its European name, and Xinjing, and Harbin in Manchuria should be highlighted).13 The Northeast is the cradle of heavy industry. It is the area with the least amount of arable land in the world, with only 10% suitable for agricultural cultivation.14

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The People’s Republic of China, with an area of 9,640,821 km2, is the third largest country in the world – roughly the size of Europe. Its current population is 1,450,000,000, making it the second most populous country in the world after India. (Until April 19, 2023, it was the most populous country in the world, with populations of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan excluded from the count, when India surpassed it by 30 million people.) Its mineral reserves are the third largest in the world, while it is the fifth largest in the world in crude oil production. In current Sino-Russian relations, the 30-year $400 billion gas agreement secured in 2020 is a significant achievement of joint cooperation, facilitated by the fact that China no longer feels a military threat from Russian territories ( the last one having been the Soviet occupation of Manchuria in 1945).15 The ‘China question’ concerns not only the superpower United States of America, but also Australia, the EU, and many other state conglomerates.16 The role of space policy and space law is growing.17

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The People’s Republic of China has also targeted the ‘infinite frontier,’ space. In 2021, the Chinese space station Tiangong (Heavenly Palace) was launched. (Previously, only the US and Russian (Soviet) space stations existed). In the same year, the country sent a rover, Churong (the Fire God), to Mars (NASA operates two such devices here, Curiosity and Perseverance). After the 2007 antecedents, in 2024, the Chang-o-6 spacecraft, named the Celestial Goddess, visited the far side of the Moon.18

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Chongqing, which is now almost annually renewed, with a population of nearly 32,050,000 in 2023, and Shanghai, which is home to 24,875,000, have become the economic centres of the Far East; as the fourth and fifth largest cities in the world (behind Tokyo, Delhi, and Jakarta). It is also necessary to take into account that Shenzhen, which was initially a small fishing village and then a megapolis, became part of the Special Economic Zone under Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997, in power 1976-1989), mainly because it borders Hong Kong. The city is now the largest port in the People’s Republic of China and one of fastest-growing cities in the world. Today, it is ranked 21st among the world’s cities with a population of nearly 16,810,000, making it more populous than Moscow with 16,510,000. Shenzhen has an exceptionally high proportion of people under the age of 30. 20% of all Chinese people who hold a PhD degree reside here.19

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It is interesting to recall the insights of travelogues, as a specific – obviously subjective – genre, from the Chinese, Russian, and sometimes the US territory for comparison. During the 1924 journey of the renowned Swedish world traveller and sinologist Sven Hedin (1865-1952) from Beijing to Moscow, the starting point was Tianjin, Mukden (Shenyang), and Harbin, i.e. the area of North-East China (Manchuria), then known as the Far Eastern Republic. Here, the rule of warlord Zhang Zuolin (1875-1928) brought chaos and a constant change of currencies when crossing regional borders (dollar, yen, gold ruble, Soviet ruble). Due to the chaos, the tombs of the Manchu emperors could not be visited either. Hedin recorded a lecture he gave at the Oriental Society in Russian (!), although most of the professors spoke German, many French, and some English, but there were those who understood only Russian. He describes an interesting meeting with Anatolij Vasilevič Lunačarskij (1875-1933), a descendant of an old Russian noble family who became a Russian Marxist and the first Soviet People’s Commissar in People’s Commissariat for Education, (Rus. Народный комиссариат просвещения РСФСР; Narodnyj Komissariat Prosveščennija RSFSR; abbr. наркомпрос; narkompros). Before the rise of Andrej Aleksandrovič Ždanov (1896-1948), he was the most influential Soviet cultural policymaker. Lunačarskij was fluent in French and German and opposed the Russian spelling reforms (which replaced the hard sign with the letter ‘e’).20

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Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1876-1945) a Polishman, studied engineering in St. Petersburg and Paris, and later taught engineering at the university. In relation to China, the story he recorded from 1928 is a very telling one about local officials. who, There was an area in Beijing where the road was riddled with pits, leading to numerous accidents and deaths - affecting both horses and people - for those travelling at night.Pressured by foreign embassies, the Chinese government allocated 150,000 taels to resolve the problem. From this money, based on the ‘customary law’ of bribery and popular taxation, the governor of Beijing appropriated 75,000 taels, and other officials took smaller amounts, until finally only 5,000 taels remained, but in the end only 200 taels reached the police authority entrusted with the task of rectifying the situation. This was spent on erecting poles on which paper and fabric lanterns were placed, which were lit by woollen wicks and grease, but a homeless person eventually stole these as well.21

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Egon Erwin Kisch (1885-1948), a German-speaking journalist from Prague, travelled to the USA, China, and Russia between 1928 and 1932, revealing turbulent social changes. He describes how voting machines were already available in New York City during the 1929 presidential election. Meanwhile, China was at war with Japan, and the severe exploitation of adult and child factory labour was also rampant. By way of contrast, he published the French menu of a dinner given in honour of the League of Nations. In his work, Kisch also explores the characteristics of a Chinese-English pidgin intermediary language, as well as the situation of cotton production and collectivisation in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the Soviet Union, including the fight against grain pests.22

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Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (1894-1963) was India’s ambassador to Beijing from 1944 to 1952, a professor and literary historian who followed the transition of Nationalist China under Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) to communism and described Beijing under Mao Zedong (1893-1976).23

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Tibor Kassai (1930-) is a veterinarian who, after obtaining his candidate degree (Rus. Кандидат наук; kandidat nauk, CSc; a Soviet-type scientific degree similar to a PhD), described his study trip to the Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia, Moscow) in 1958, which was only published in print in 2021. For the purposes of our investigation, we will only refer to the situation in Moscow. He describes a visit to the Lenin Museum, the Hungarian embassy’s not very successful event to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Hungary, and the cheap dining options.24

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Dénes Baracs (1937-2025) was a journalist, who graduated in Journalism, completing a Hungarian major at the Faculty of Humanities. He was a foreign correspondent in Beijing (1969-1974), Paris (1976-1981), Brussels (1988-1992), and then Bucharest (1992-1998), who wrote a very thorough book about China. In this context, we will only refer to a few memories from Beijing.25

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Pál Bokor (1942-) is a journalist and foreign correspondent for the Hungarian Telegraph Office. He is the only domestic media professional who has written a volume of literary value on the topics of the USA, China, and the Soviet Union.26

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Western literature on Sino-Russian relations is diverse, and we can now present it in terms of a typical element in the spectrum published between 1950 and 2023. A more modern view is represented by the work of Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928-2017) and Henry Kissinger (1923-2023). According to the first source examined, a Sino-Russian alliance had developed around 1895, which was crowned by the founding of the Russo-Chinese Bank. Li Hongzhang (1823-1901), an influential Chinese statesman, had been invited to St. Petersburg earlier, in 1894, for the coronation ceremony of Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918, reign 1894-1917).27

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The subtitle of the extremely detailed monograph by the Polish-born Édouard Krakowski (c. 1900s-c.1970s), “the East against Western civilisation,” is also telling of how China and Russia were viewed by Western countries at the time. The French-language volume dates the intensification of Chinese-Russian relations to 1685. At that time, Russia, which was conducting Asian-style trade with the Caucasus and Persia, mainly exported honey, wax, tallow, nuts, linen, hemp, caviar, grain, and Siberian furs to China. China gave silk, cotton, precious stones, carpets, and spices in exchange. It is important to note that the renewed Sino-Russian alliance (especially after 1917) was met with unease in the USA, Europe, and other areas.28

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Another author on Soviet-Chinese relations suggests that the revolutionary movement in Russia began in 1905. In 1912, China, for its part, chose a different kind of revolution. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) proclaimed a republic in 1912 as a bourgeois revolutionary. Lenin may have had him in mind when he spoke of the enlightened bourgeoisie in connection with the example of the French Revolution. The Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1921. Mao Zedong later relied on the peasant masses while Stalin was conducting an anti-kulak and anti-peasant campaign. Mao Zedong, after World War II, determined to conquer China for communism, found himself faced with a very different situation from the one Lenin had faced in 1917. Tsarist Russia consisted mainly of a peasant class, a small working class, a poorly organised and limited middle class, and a strong noble class. Thirty years later, in China, society was made up of large landlords, large merchants, the middle class, the middle peasantry, the lower middle class, the poor peasants, the semi-proletarian class, and the proletarians.29

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The next volume highlights the role of Turkestan in the field of territorial conflicts, the western part of which is Russian Turkestan (in the Soviet era, Soviet Central Asia); while East Turkestan, or Chinese Turkestan, is the Xinjiang Uyghur province. The Tien Shan Mountains are considered the key to the area according to the orientalist Owen Lattimore (1900-1989). The ‘Fortress of the East,’ Vladivostok is also highlighted as a natural background area (hinterland) in the Far East. The book collects the international agreements of a territorial nature on Sino-Russian subjects.30

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The monograph, which summarises the period between 1949 and 1960, highlights the role of the Bucharest Conference of June 8, 1960, as well as the significance of the Moscow negotiations between November 11 and November 25, 1960.31

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In addition to presenting the history of relations during the imperial era, the work, which is also available in English and German, primarily presents the relationship between Stalin and Mao, and between Nikita Sergejevič Hruščov [Khrushchev] (1894-1971, in power: 1953-1964)32 and Mao Zedong.33 In reviewing a war option, both the Russian and Chinese perspectives are reviewed in another volume, especially with regard to Mao’s role.34

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In reviewing Sino-Soviet relations between 1953 and 1965, another literature highlights Hruščov’s role in particular. In connection with the aforementioned Bucharest conference (congress), the interpretation of the Sino-Soviet dispute by Algeria, Cuba, and Indochina also came to the fore.35

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The volume by Nobel Prize-winning economist Joan Robinson (1903-1983) presents the Chinese Cultural Revolution. She also published a number of valuable documents, the most important of which is the circular of the Chinese Communist Party (abbr. CCP) of May 16, 1966.36

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The following German-language source points out that Chinese Maoist thinking was greatly influenced by Soviet books, literature, and readings. At the same time, between 1946 and 1960, 976 works of fiction were translated from Chinese into Russian, which were published in 43 million copies. In addition, the role of the Soviet-Chinese Joint Cultural Committee from 1965 should be highlighted.37

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The last work analysed also brings the role of India into the Sino-Soviet relationship. Examining these three countries, the work analyses economic, social, and cultural development. India’s growing role has justified expectations.38

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Zbigniew Brzezinski, the aforementioned Polish-born American political scientist and geostrategist, professor at Columbia University, and national security advisor to the US President, has focused his work on the Soviet Union (he earned both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Soviet studies), but his research also extended to the People’s Republic of China. In an early work, he dealt at length with sectarian communism, as well as China and the global revolution.39 According to his understanding, the geostrategic triad consists of China, Europe, and Russia.40 Among his strategic visions, he raises the possibility of an anti-China coalition formed by Russia, India and Japan in the event that the People’s Republic wishes to replace the US as a superpower.41

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The aforementioned Henry Kissinger, a political scientist, historian, national security adviser, and secretary of state, mentions several Chinese and Soviet (Russian) issues in his years in the White House.42 In the diplomatic volume, Stalin is partly mentioned, and in other places, Chinese topics are also mentioned.43 In his Chinese volume, after reviewing the beginnings, he discusses the problems from the Opium War to the Jiang Zemin period (1926-2022, in power: 1989-2002).44 Regarding the question of world order, the Asian international order and China, as well as the question of China and the world order, were discussed, together with some Soviet aspects.45 Regarding state management, he does not give any Chinese, Soviet or Russian examples, but he does give a Singaporean one.46

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It is necessary to account for the connection between two textual contributions.47 The first source is an 18th-century work, which, even by early statistical science, could be classified as a description of state landmarks (Ger. Staatsmerkwürdigkeiten).48

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The Jesuit Pál Bertalanffi (Bertalanfi) (1706-1773) from the Hungarian Highlands, (nowadays: Slovakia), probably compiled from several German and Latin sources, and lacking real travel experiences, is the third oldest geographical and travelogue in Hungarian, and as it turned out, it was not known among sinologists and scholars of Russian studies until now.49 The special value of the volume is that it contains Asian travelogues in addition to European ones. One of its main sources is Hübner’s German world geography.50

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In addition to imperial China, we can also find descriptions of the Russian territories of the time (Muscovy or Russia). According to the earliest Hungarian scientific bibliography on Chinese subjects51 and more recent works, the only known domestically published (Latin) travelogue on Chinese subjects dates back to 1781.52

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The publication of the Hungarian-language excerpt from the book 24 years earlier is of interest to our own later research and to the general readership. (For this, see our previous paper in Hungarian). The temporal position of the Russian-themed sections in the domestic Russian study literature needs to be clarified in later research, but in any case, it is a very early text and moreover, in Hungarian, and its publication is justified. The other group of texts is significant from the perspective of the history of Chinese-Russian (Soviet) and Chinese-domestic relations. It all adds special weight to the fact that October 6, 2024, marked the 75th anniversary of the Hungarian People’s Republic becoming the fourth country (after the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Romanian People’s Republic, and the Bulgarian People’s Republic) to recognise the People’s Republic of China, proclaimed on October 1, 1949. The Russian-language album, published in Beijing, commemorating the ten-year existence of the People’s Republic of China, was published in 1959 and played 53 a significant role.54

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The significance of the volume lies partly in the fact that it is not listed in WorldCat, and I myself could not find it in either Chinese or Russian databases. (It is worth noting that behind its simple paper cover, its elegant, noble material binding is decorated with the richly gilded coat of arms of the People’s Republic of China). It contains letters (congratulatory telegrams) written partly by the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (abbr. MSZMP) and Endre Sík (Schick)55 (1891-1978), lawyer, historian, Africanist (university professor in this subject), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1958-1961) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (abbr. CPSU) and the Belarusian-born Andrej Andrejevič Gromiko (1909-1989), economist, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the existence of the People’s Republic of China, which are worth publishing. This correspondence is celebrating its 65th anniversary at the time of writing this sub-chapter.

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he history of the Republic of China (1911-1949)56 and modern China/People’s Republic of China, or Mainland China (1949-)57 cannot be understood without knowledge of the Chinese language and script,58and the culture that is also assumed to be independent by numerous historical works. Taking into account the above, within the framework of this section, we can only undertake to elaborate on some ideas.

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The Western,59 which belongs to the West,60 and the specifically East Asian (basically Confucian state philosophy, briefly Legist, then Maoist) Chinese61 way of thinking is different; this also needs to be taken into account in any comparative study by social sciences. The role of historical geography in Western thinking is partly different compared to the Chinese and Russian ideas mentioned above, especially with regard to the situation of the USA and its immigrants.62
1 In the case of Russian, the Kniezsa international transcription; in the case of Chinese, the most internationally accepted hanyu pinyin transcription should be followed. The manuscript of this sub-chapter was closed at 31.10.2024. In the bibliographic description, we will use the form in the given language (Beijing, Pékin, Taiwan, Taibei, Moskva, Moskau, Moscou). The titles of Chinese and Russian works are also published in English translation. In accordance with Hungarian customs, the titles of English, French, and German works are not translated, but the titles of lesser-known languages (in this sub-chapter, Dutch) are. The names of Chinese authors are used in the bibliographic description in the form given by the source. It was not possible to resolve the unfortunately commonly used abbreviations of first names in the case of all Russian authors.
2 Pašuto, V. T. (1952) [1951]: Alekszandr Nyevszkij és az orosz nép harca a függetlenségért a 13. században. [Aleksandr Ňevskij and the Russian people's struggle for independence in the 13th century.]. (Ford.: Lux L., lekt.: Perényi J., maps: Takács J.). (Budapest:Művelt Nép). 140., 2 maps. ISBN no.; Heller, M. (1996). Orosz történelem I. Az Orosz Birodalom története. [Russian History I. History of the Russian Empire]. ( Transl.: Balogh M., –Páll E., rev..: Gerencsér Z. Chronological overview prepared by Gerencsér Z.). (Budapest, Osiris Kiadó – 2000 [Journal]). 667.; Heller, Mihail – Nyekrics, Alekszandr (1996): Orosz történelem II. A Szovjetunió története. ( Transl.: Kiss I., prologue transl.: Páll Erna, lekt.: Gerencsér Zsigmond). Budapest, Osiris Kiadó – 2000 [Journal]. 610.; Menyhárt L. (1983). Az államrend kérdése. [The question of state order]. In: Menyhárt L. Az orosz társadalmi – politikai gondolkodás a századfordulón 1895-1906. [Russian social and political thought at the turn of the century 1895-1906.]. (Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó). 22-103.; Szvák G. (2006). Oroszország helye Eurázsiában. Historiográfiai tanulmányok 1999-2006. [Russia's place in Eurasia. Historiographical studies 1999-2006.]. (Budapest:Pannonica). 175. ISBN: 963-7319-24-7; Szvák G. (2019). IV. Iván és I. Péter mikrohistoriográfiája. [Microhistoriography of Ivan IV and Peter I.]. (Budapest: L’Harmattan). 175. ISBN: 978-963-414-580-6; Semjonova, L. N. (1988) [1982]. Erkölcsök és szokások Nagy Péter birodalmában. [Morals and customs in the empire of Peter the Great]. ( Transl.: Gődény E., rev.: Szvák G.). (Budapest: Gondolat). 316, (3), 4 t.. ISBN: 63-282-147-5; Köves E. (1982). Kelet és Nyugat. Orosz eszmék I. Miklós korában. [East and West. Russian ideas in the era of Nicholas I.]. (Budapest: Magvető Kiadó). 281. ISBN no.; Radzinsky, E. S.(2006). II. Sándor, az utolsó nagy cár. [Alexander II, the last great tsar]. ( Transl.: Katona E.). (Budapest: Európa). 603, 15 t. ISBN: 963-07-8155-7; Savčenko, V. (1985) [1982]. Fiatal Oroszország. Fejezetek Nikolaj Černiševskij életéből. [Young Russia. Chapters from the life of Nikolaj Černiševskij]. ( Transl.: Ratzky R.). (Budapest – Ungvár: Kossuth Könyvkiadó – Kárpáti Könyvkiadó). 311. ISBN: 963-09-2615-6; Sz. Bíró Z. (2017). Az elmaradt alkotmányozás. Oroszország a 19. század második felében. [The delayed constitution. Russia in the second half of the 19th century.]. (Budapest: Osiris Kiadó). 350. ISBN: 978-963-276-287-6; Gecse G. (2022). Orosz nagyhatalmi politika 1905-2021. [Russian Great Power Policy 1905-2021]. (Budapest: Ludovika Egyetemi Kiadó). 359. ISBN: 978-963-9950-05-4; Paléologue, M. G. (1982) [1922]. A cárok Oroszországa az első világháború alatt. Franciország nagykövetének naplójából. [Tsarist Russia during the First World War. From the diary of the French ambassador]. ( Transl.: Szávai J., selected: Antal L., prologue: Ormos Mária). (Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó). 621. ISBN no.; Gömöri E. (1998). A cár vakaródzik. Világtörténelem hónapról hónapra 1994-1998. [The Tsar is scratching. World history month by month 1994-1998.]. (Budapest: PanPress). 399. ISBN: 963-03-8855-3; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, Gromiko, A. A. ed.. (1981) [1976]. Szovjetunió, az Egyesült Államok és Nagy-Britannia kormányfőinek üzenetváltása 1941-1945 I. A W. Churchillel és C. Attleevel folytatott üzenetváltás (1941 július – 1945 november). II. Az F. Roosevelttel és H. Trumannel folytatott üzenetváltás (1941 augusztus – 1945 december). [Exchange of messages between the heads of government of the Soviet Union, the United States and Great Britain 1941-1945 I. Exchange of messages with W. Churchill and C. Attlee (July 1941 – November 1945). II. Exchange of messages with F. Roosevelt and H. Truman (August 1941 – December 1945).]. (Budapest – Ungvár: Kossuth Könyvkiadó – Kárpáti Könyvkiadó). 475, (2), 330, (2). ISBN no.; Krausz T. (2008). A Szovjetunió története 1914-1991. [History of the USSR 1914-1991.]. (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 222. ISBN: 978-963-09-5861; Kemecsei E. (1999). Orosz ezredvég. A nemformális mozgalmaktól a politikai pártokig. [Russian end of the millennium. From informal movements to political parties]. ( Rev..: Sz. Bíró Z.). (Budapest: Hatodik Síp). 216. ISBN: 963 7476 06 4 Hatodik Síp Könyvek 6.
3

Földi A.,Hamza G. (1998). Az európai magánjog fejlődésének főbb útjai. Szombathely, Savaria University Press. On the ‘Third Rome’ theory and the Imperium Romanum: ibid. 44-45. main text and fn. 21.; 24. Hamza Gábor (2002): Az európai magánjog fejlődése. A modern magánjogi rendszerek kialakulása a római jogi hagyományok alapján. [The development of European private law. The emergence of modern private law systems based on Roman legal traditions]. Ed.: Boóc Á., index of names and index of cited works ed.: Hoffman I.. (Budapest:Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó). First edition. 89. main text and fn. 120., 57-58. main text and fn. 68. Hamza Gábor (2022): Az európai magánjog fejlődése a kezdetektől a XX. század végéig. A modern magánjogi rendszerek kialakulása a római jogi hagyományok alapján. [The development of European private law from the beginnings to the end of the 20th century. The development of modern private law systems based on Roman legal traditions]. Ed.: Deák P., rev.: Földi A., Contributed to the verification of a foreign language text: Z. Héjjas Eszter. (Budapest:Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó). 118. main text and fn.146., 83-84. On conservation of Roman Law, see: Földi A., Hamza G. (1996). A római jog története és institúciói. Brósz Róbert és Pólay Elemér tankönyvének alapulvételével írta --.--. [History and Institutions of Roman Law. Written by --.--. based on the textbook of Róbert Brósz and Elemér Pólay]. (Budapest:Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó). 102-146. ISBN 963-187-509-1 First edition.

Siklósi I. (2021). Római magánjog I. Külső történet, alapfogalmak, és továbbélés. Eljárásjog. Személyi jog és családjog. Dologi jog. II. Kötelmi jog és jogügyleti tan. Öröklési jog. [Roman private law I. External history, basic concepts, and survival of Roman law. Procedural law. Personal law and family law. Property law. II. Law of obligations and theory of legal transactions. Law of inheritance.]. Ed., text editor, source index, subject index, cont.: Deák Péter. (Budapest: ELTE Eötvös Kiadó – Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem). I. 142-200.

4 Lenin's main work on state theory: Lenin, V. I. (1952) [1917]. Gossudarstvo i revoljucija. Učenie marksizma o gossudarstve i zadači proletariata v revoljucii. [Állam és forradalom. State and revolution. The teaching of Marxism on the state and the tasks of the proletariat in the revolution]. Moskva, Gossudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Političeskoj Literatury; Lenin, V. I. (1965) [1917]. V. I. Lenin összes művei 33. Állam és forradalom. [Complete Works of V. I. Lenin 33. State and revolution]. (Transl..:Rudas L.). (Budapest:Kossuth Könyvkiadó). Second edition.
5 Anon (1950). Sztálin élete képekben. [Stalin's life in pictures]. (Budapest-Praha: Szikra Nyomda – Orbis Nyomda). 98. ISBN no.; Brandt, C. (1958). Stalin’s failure in China 1924-1927. (Cambridge – London, Cambridge University Press – Harvard University Press). 226. ISBN no.; Béládi L., Krausz T. (1988). Sztálin. Történeti vázlat. [Stalin. Historocal outline]. (Budapest. Láng Kiadó). 292. ISBN: 963 02 5881 1; Fishman, J., Hutton, J. B. (1964). Das Privatleben des Josef Stalin. (Wien-Hamburg: Paul Zsolnay Verlag). 248. ISBN no.; Medvedev, R. (1972). Le Stalinisme. Origines, histoire, conséquences. (Paris: Éditions Seuil). 637. ISBN no.; Desanti, D. (1975). Les Staliniens. Une expérience politique 1944-1956. (Paris: Libraire Arthème Fayard – Marabout). 383. ISBN no.; Radzinsky, E. S.(1996): Stalin. Onthullingen uit geheime privé-archieven. [Stalin. Evidence from secret private archives] (Transl.: van der Wijk, J.). (Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Areopagus). 556, (16)+photos. ISBN: 9789050183161 (ISBN13) ISBN: 9789056170660 (ISBN13)  ISBN: 9050183166 (ISBN10) ISBN: 905617066X (ISBN10)
6 Berdyaev, N. A. (1989) [1937]. Az orosz kommunizmus értelme és eredete. [The meaning and origins of Russian communism]. ( Transl.: Kiss I., l. rev., notes: Sz. Bíró Z., prologue: Szilágyi Á., s.a.r. compiled by: Varga T.). (Budapest: Századvég Kiadó – MTA-Soros Alapítvány Bizottság). 152. ISBN: 978 963 02 6782 9
7 Berdyaev, N. A. (1994) [1923]. A történelem értelme. [The meaning of history]. (Transl.: Szőcs O., rev.: Szabó I. G.). (Budapest: Aula). 98. ISBN: 963-503-000-2
8 The Russian tsarist title is internationally recognised. It was first used by Ivan III the Terrible (1462-1505) in 1473, after his marriage to Sophia Palaeologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI. The country's predecessor state, Kievan Rus', traces its origins back to 862 AD. Földi-Hamza (1998) op. cit. 44.
9 Székely A.,Katona S., Pinczés Z. (1978). Szovjetunió I. Természetföldrajz. [Soviet Union I. Physical geography]. ( Rev..: Pinczés Z.). (Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó). 11-14. ISBN no; Antal Z., Probáld, F. (1978). Szovjetunió II. Gazdaságföldrajz. A termelőerők fejlődése és területi elhelyezkedése 1917-1977. [Soviet Union II. Economic Geography. Development and Territorial Distribution of the Productive Forces 1917-1977.]. ( Rev.: Probáld F.). (Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó). 7-34. ISBN no.; Ábel P., E. Fehér P., Garamvölgyi I., Gulya J., Hajdu M., Haulisch L., Nemes G. Z., – N. Sándor L. (1972). A Szovjetunió 15 köztársasága I. Oroszországi Szovjet Szövetségi Szocialista Köztársaság. [The 15 Republics of the Soviet Union I. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]. Rev.: Vágó T. (Budapest: Szovjet – Magyar Baráti Társaság). 8-11. A Szovjetunió 15 köztársasága 1. [The 15 Republics of the Soviet Union 1.].; Rudl J. (2010). Oroszország. [Russian Federation]. In: Rudl J. A Szovjetunió utódállamainak földrajza. [Geography of the Successor States of the USSR]. . (Budapest-Pécs: Dialóg Campus). 17-160. Second edition. On the regions, see: Rudl (2010) op. cit. 81-82.
10 Kuhonta, E. M.,Slater, D., – Vu, T. (2008). Southeast Asia in political science. Theory, region, and qualitative analysis. (Stanford (Cal): Stanford University). xviii, 455. (1). ISBN: 978-0-8047-6152-9 (ISBN13) ISBN: 0-8047-6152-3 (ISBN10).
11 Marshall, T. (2022) [2016]: A földrajz fogságában. Tíz térkép, amely mindent elmond arról, amit tudni érdemes globális politikai folyamatokról. [Prisoners of geography. Ten maps that tell you everything you need about global politics]. ( Transl.: Makovecz B., rev., new chapter transl: Zsuppán A.). Negyedik kiadás. (Budapest:Park Kiadó). 37-38., 45-46. Fourth edition.; Marshall, T. (2023) [2021]. A földrajz hatalma. Tíz térkép, rávilágít világunk jövőjére. [The power of the geography. Ten maps that reveal the future of our world]. ( Transl.: Máté F.). Második kiadás. (Budapest:Park Kiadó). 204-205. Second edition.
12 Marshall, T. (2024) [2023]. A földrajz jövője. Hogyan változtatja meg világunkat a hatalom és a politika a világűrben? [The future of geography – How power and politics in space will change our world]. ( Transl.: Both Előd, l rev.: Horvai Ferenc). (Budapest: Park Kiadó). 179-180. Second edition.
13 Murzajev, E. M. (1955). Severno-vostočnij Kitaj. Fiziko-geografičeskoe opisanie [North-Eastern China. Physical-geographical description]. (Moskva: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR). 8-9., 12-13. ISBN no.
14 Regarding the north-eastern areas in the domestic literature, and the scarcity of agricultural land:: Probáld F. (1991). Kína, [China]. In: Benedek E., Karceva V., Probáld F., Sárfalvi B., Szegedi N.: Ázsia, Ausztrália, Óceánia gazdaságföldrajza. Egyetemi tankönyv. [Economic Geography of Asia, Australia, Oceania. University Textbook]. (Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó). 83-84., 104-107. Second edition.
15 Marshall (2022) [2016] 48-49.
16 Marshall (2023) [2021] 44-54.
17 An early summary of space law by international standards, before the major space treaties, with an analysis of English, Russian, French and German legal literature: Gál G. (1969). Space law. (Transl.: Móra Imre). (Dobbs Ferry (N.Y.) – Leyden:Oceana Publications – Sijthoff). 320. ISBN no. A modern, textbook-style domestic (in international co-operation) summary in English: Bartóki-Gönczi B.,Sulyok G. eds.. (2022). Világűrjog. [Space law]. (Budapest: Ludovika Egyetemi Kiadó). 352. ISBN: 978 963 531 591 8. Another collection of domestic studies in English: Bartóki-Gönczi, B., Sulyok, G. Achilleas, P., Aradi, N., de Azevedo, J. M.Bataille, M. Bertamini, M., Charalampopoulos, N., Daczi, D., Edl, A., Ferrazzani, M., Ganczer, M., Grünfeld, K., Guillot, P. Ch.-A. Hoffmann, R. Hopej, K., Kecskés, G., Koulaouzos, D., Molnár, D., Nagy, B., Ramuš Cvetkovič, I., Salatino, G., - Speck, G., Takó, D., Talkova, H., Tilinger, K. (2024). The new space age. Legal and political perspectives. (Eds.: Bartóki-Gönczy, B., Sulyok, G.). (Budapest:Ludovika University Press). 687. ISBN: 978-963-653-150-8 (hardback) ISBN: 978-963-653-149-2 (ePDF).
18 Marshall (2024) [2023] 123-146.
19 Koi G. (2011a). The first three decades of legal reforms in the People’s Republic of China (1978/1979-2008/2009), Acta Juridica Hungarica 52(4) 353. fn. 18. An important source on Shenzhen: Anon (2009). Má li Shenzhen. Glamourous Shenzhen. (With Chinese-English CD supplement). (Shenzhen: Shenzhen shi renmin zhenhfu xinwen hangong shibian. [People's Government Information Office]). 5-24.
20 Hedin, S. A. (1925) [1924]. Pekingtől Moszkváig. [From Beijing to Moscow]. (Transl.: Balassa J.). (Budapest: Franklin Kiadó). 5-6., 178-179.
21 Ossendowski, F. A. (1930) [1928]. Kínai rejtelmek. [Chinese mysteries]. ( Transl: Sajó A.). (Budapest: Franklin). 97-98.
22 Kisch, E. E. (1934) [1928-1932]. Egon Erwin Kisch riportkönyve. Amerika Kína Oroszország. [Egon Erwin Kisch's reportage book. America China Russia]. ( Transl.: Balog I.). (Budapest: Phőnix). 21-29., 57-58., 72-77., 79-85., 114-115., 132-138., 168-174.
23 Panikkar, K. M. (1955). In two Chinas. Memoirs of a diplomat. (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.). 74-87., 92-101., 125-142.
24 János Boldóczki (1912-1988), a peasant cadre of Slovak origin, ambassador to Prague between 1950 and 1953, foreign minister of the first Imre Nagy government, ambassador to Ulaanbaatar in 1957, and then to Moscow between 1957 and 1960. According to the recollection, he gave a speech with a bad accent and Hungarian pronunciation, and could only answer questions through an interpreter. The interpreter translated the film Razzia, about the years of repression, into Russian, but the end of the film did not arrive. The Lenin Museum displayed Lenin's everyday objects, including his glasses, jacket, shoes, camera, and car. A cheap lunch menu in 1958 cost 7 rubles, consisting of rice milk soup, rump steak, and apple compote. They were usually self-service canteens, but in some places waiters served. Kassai T. (2021). Látogatás a Birodalomba. Útinapló egy 1958-as szovjet tanulmányútról. [A Visit to the Empire. Travelogue from a 1958 Soviet study trip.]. (Budapest: Személyes Történelem Kiadó). 83-118.
25 Although the range of goods had increased in 1973, most people earned 40-60 yuan a month. Half a kilogram of rice cost 20 fen. (1 yuan is 100 fen). A meter of linen cost 2-3 yuan; 1 kilogram of pork cost 1.5 yuan; 1 kilogram of duck meat cost 4 yuan; a pair of plastic sandals cost 4-5 yuan; a pair of canvas shoes or a wash basin cost 5-10 yuan; an iron stove cost 12 yuan; a radio cost 50-100 yuan; a fur coat cost 100-200 yuan; a sewing machine cost 150 yuan. He also wrote separately about watches. A Chinese alarm clock cost 12 yuan; a Chinese wristwatch cost 110-120 yuan; a Swiss watch cost 185 yuan; an automatic Japanese Seiko cost 450 yuan; an automatic Omega cost 700 yuan, a gold Omega was even more expensive… (The author saw a Seiko on the hand of the Chinese interpreter of the international club, and a gold or gold-plated Omega under the cuff of the deputy foreign minister. The author also described his experiences in the backyard furnace (literally means ‘folk smelter;’ people’s smelter. Chin. 土法煉鋼; tú fá lián gang, ’primitive steelmaking;’ Rus. Малая металлургия, malaja metallurgija, lit. ‘small[-scaled] metallurgy’). The backyard furnace was a small-scale steelmaking movement, a campaign aimed at organising large-scale steel production in China, with the aim of rapidly industrialising the country, using unskilled labour, in the times of Great Leap Forward (1958-1962). The result was poor-quality scrap iron. Baracs D. (1976). A fal mögött: Kína. [Behind the Wall: China]. (Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó). 122-126., 380-388. „Világjárók” sorozat 98. ["World Travelers" Series 98]. Second edition.
26 From the volume about Washington, D.C., we can learn about the two-facedness of the country in the seventies, not inhabited by billionaires, but still among the ten richest settlements in the USA. The counterpoint to this is the poor of New York City. He reported on the characteristics of local newspapers and the situation of the Carter and Reagan administrations, as well as on the launch and growth of the Apple company founded by Steve Jobs (1955-2011) (in 1985), or on pizza and hamburger chains, which were still unknown in Hungary at that time. In his 1970s volume on the Russian Far East, he reports on how a bartender who lived in the USA, not in Europe, but outside of Vladivostok, gave a clear sign of his dislike for the Chinese, and he describes how a Soviet citizen who took too many photos during a trip to China was arrested for photographing a military object. In relation to China, in addition to the grayness of Beijing, he emphasises that the Chinese CCP party newspaper, Renmin Ribao, is not an individual, but a kind of collective newspaper that workers read during group sessions, like the Free People's Half-hours (Hun. Szabad Nép félóra) in our country back then. (‘Free People’ [Hun. Szabad Nép] was the daily journal the Stalinist Hungarian Working People’s Party [Hun. Magyar Dolgozók Pártja]. He also reported on Mao's legacy. Bokor P. (1978). Vlagyivosztok – Kamcsatka – Szahalin. [Vladivostok – Kamchatka – Sakhalin]. (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 38-42.; Bokor P. (1980). Egy kínai nyár. [A Chinese summer]. (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 34-42., 87-93.; Bokor P. (1985): Washington. [Washington, D.C.]. 1. (Budapest:Magyar Távirati Iroda). 70-72., 91-107., 115-124. Tudósító voltam sorozat 1. [I was a reporter series 1.].
27 Dalin, D. J. (1950). The Rise of Russia in Asia. (London:The World Affairs Book Club). 50-55.
28 Krakowski, E. (1957). Chine et Russie. L’Orient contre la civilisation Occidentale. (Paris: La Colombe). 201-215., 342-345. ISBN no.
29 Metaxas, A. (1961). Moscow or Peking? (London: Chatto and Windus). 46-48.
30 Douglas-Jackson, W. A. (1962). Russo-Chinese borderlands. Zone of peaceful contact or potential conflict? (New York City:D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.). 1-3., 14-26., 111-118.
31 Crankshaw, E. (1963). The new cold war. Moscow v. Peking. (Baltimore: Penguin Books). 97-110., 122-135.
32 The subsequent confrontation that exposed the Stalinist regime: Hruscsov, N. S. (1988) [1956]: A személyi kultuszról és következményeiről. Beszámoló az SZKP XX. kongresszusának zárt ülésén 1956. február 25. [On the personality cult and its consequences. Report at the closed session of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, February 25, 1956.]. ( Transl.: Zalai E.). (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 89, (2). ISBN no.
33 Mehnert, K. (1964). Peking and Moscow. (Transl.: Vennewitz, L.). (New York City: George Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd. – G.P. Putnam’s Sons). 259-271., 412-444. ISBN no.; Mehnert, K. (1968) [1962]. Peking und Moskau. (München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag). 248-259., 394-422. ISBN no. Third edition.
34 Salisbury, H. E. (1969). War between Russia and China. (New York City: WW Norton and Company Inc.). 29-52., 67-82. ISBN: 9780393053944 ISBN: 0393053946
35 Deutscher, I. (1970). Russia, China, and the West. A contemporary chronicle, 1953-1966. (Oxford – Harmondsworth: Oxford University Press – The Penguin Books). 113-197., 202-233., 259-288. xiv, 360. ISBN: 9780192111906 (ISBN13) ISBN: 9780140212679 (ISBN13) ISBN: 0192111906 (ISBN10) ISBN: 0140212671 (ISBN10).
36 Robinson, J. (1970). The cultural revolution in China. (Harmondsworth: The Penguin Books). 11-42., 70-154. ISBN no.
37 Koloskow, B. (1971). Die Sowjetunion und China. Freundschaft oder Selbstisolierung. (Moskau: APN Verlag). 14-29., 80-85.
38 Bergmann, T. (1977). The development models of India the Soviet Union and China. (Assen – Amsterdam: Van Gorcum). 5-65. (India), 68-115. (Soviet Union), 126-224. (China).
39 Brzezinski, Z. (1974) [1970]. Két korszak között. [Between two ages]. (Translator not indicated). (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 225-244. ISBN no.
40 Brzezinski, Z. (2001). The geostrategic triad: living with China, Europe, and Russia. (Washington, DC: CSIS Press). URL: https://archive.org/details/geostrategictria00brze (accessed: 31 October 2024). 1-28. (China), 29-54. (The new Europe), 55-75. (Russia).
41 Brzezinski, Z. (2012) [2013]. Stratégiai vízió. Amerika és a globális hatalom válsága. [Strategic vision. America and the crisis of global power]. ( Transl.: Magyarics T., lekt. rev.: Nyakas S., footnotes: Sárvári B.). (Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont). 122-131. ISBN: 978-963-87486-2-1
42 Kissinger, H. (2019) [1974]. Fehér házi éveim I-III. [White House Years]. ( Transl.: Magyarics P., lekt. rev.: Magyarics T., ed.: Martonné Horváth Á.). (Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont). I. 139-197. ( Soviet-US relations), I. 234-269. ( China), II. 863-923., 924-985. (Chapter on an invitation to Beijing and a trip to Beijing), II. 924-985. (American-Soviet relations), III. 1237-1292. (Nixon's Chinese journey), III. 1324-1373. (A secret trip to Moscow), III. 1486-1506. (The Moscow Summit), III.1507-1536. (Aftermath of the Moscow Summit). III. 1537-1607. (Sadat expels the Soviets). ISBN: 978-615-5559-47-1Ö ISBN: 978-615-5559-48-8.
43 Kissinger, H. (2008) [1994]. Diplomácia. [Diplomacy]. ( Transl.: Baik É.,Kálmán A., Magyarics T., Rózsa G., Szabó K., l rev.: Jeszenszky G., notes: Magyarics P., , ed.: Baik É.). (Budapest: Panem Kft.) 315-332. (On Stalin), 465-476. (On Chinese aspects), 702-742. (On Chinese aspects). ISBN: 978-963-545-199-7.
44 Kissinger, H. (2014) [2011]. Kínáról. [On China]. (Ford. Transl.: Magyarics P., rev.: Nyakas S., specialist advisor: Matura T.). (Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont). 24-551. ISBN: 978-963-87486-4-5
45 Kissinger, H. (2017) [2014]. Világrend. [World order]. (Ford. Transl.: Kállai T., Pataki É., s ed.: Horváth Á., korr.: Horváth A.). (Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont). 220-240., 277-296. ISBN: 978-615-555-9075
46 Kissinger, Henry (2023) [2022]. Az állam vezetéséről. Hat politikai stratégia a 20. századból. [Leadership. Six studies in World Strategy]. ( Transl.: Beke Á., Bojtár P., Farkas Á., Forgács I., Szilágyi Á. A. Tóth B. P., rev.: Baranyi T. P., ed.: Gángoly A.). (Budapest: MCC Kft.) 210-216. (China), 194-199., 429-435. (Two sub-chapters on Soviet Union), 325-372. (Singapore). ISBN: 978-615-644-000-8
47 In May 2022, the author's library, which currently contains nearly 7,000 volumes, with a 230-volume pre-1850 special collection of old books, was enriched a Hungarian volume, dated 1757. The indicated textual references can be found in the Hungarian version of the subsection, and in Hungarian and, in the case of the source group mentioned later, in Russian.
48 Bertalanffi P. (1757). Világnak két rendbeli rövid ismérete. Előszer (!) amint az Istentől teremtetett. Másodszor amint az Istennek és a természetnek a vezérléséből az emberekről különb-különbféle írókból kiszedé, és prédikátori hivataljának pihenő órái alatt öszve (!) írá azt --.--, a Jézus Társaságából való pap: most pedig Isten jóvoltából, az elöljáróinak kegyes engedelméből magyar nemzetének egy mulatságos, és tudós olvasására nyomtatásban kiadá. [A brief account of the world in two orders. First, as it was created by God. Second, as it was collected from various writers about people under the control of God and nature, and compiled during the leisure hours of his preaching office by --.--, a priest from the Society of Jesus: now, by the grace of God and the gracious permission of his superiors, he has published it in print for the Hungarian nation to read in an entertaining and scholarly manner.]. (Nagyszombat: Akadémiai Nyomda). (12), 1028., (70).
49 The first work by Márton Szepsi Csombor, entitled Europica varietas, published in Košice (Hun. Kassa), 1620. It has a Latin title but a Hungarian subtitle and language. Szepsi Csombor M. (1620). Europica varietas, avagy Szepsi Csombor Márton Lengyel, Mazur, Pruz, Dania, Frizia, Hollandia, Zelandia, Anglia, Gallia, Német és Csehországon, viszontag az prussiai, pomeraniai, sueciai, norvegiai, frisiai, zelandiai, britanniai tengereken való bujdosásában látott, hallott különb-különbféle dolgoknak rövid leírása. [Europica varietas, or a brief description of the various things seen and heard by Márton Szepsi Csombor in Poland, Masuria, Prussia, Denmark, Frisia, Holland, Zealand, England, Gaul, Germany and Bohemia, as well as in the Prussian, Pomeranian, Sweden, Norwegian, Frisian, Zealand and British seas.]. (Kassa: Festus). (16), 403, (3). ISBN no. On Bertalanffi’s work, see: Gazda I. (2013). Magyar tudománytörténet. A reáltudományok területén magyar kutatók által 1945 előtt elért kiemelkedő eredményekről. Történeti összefoglalók, bibliográfia. [Hungarian history of science. On the outstanding achievements of Hungarian researchers in the field of real sciences before 1945. Historical summaries, bibliography.]. (Budapest: Magyar Tudománytörténeti Intézet). 50-51. URL: https://real.mtak.hu/71201/ (accessed: 31 October 2024).
50 Hübner, J. (1745). Vollständige Geographie I. Von Europa, Portugal, Spanien, Frankreich, England, Schottland, Irland, Niederland, Schweitz und Italien II. Von Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden, Preussen, Polen, Russland, Ungarn, Türkei, Asia, Africa, America, und von den unbekannten Länder. III. Böhmen, Österreich, Bayern, Franken, Schwaben, Ober-Rhein, Nieder-Rhein, Wesphalen, Nieder-Sachsen, und Ober-Sachsen. (Frankfurt am Main:Author’s own publication). 796, 812, 858. ISBN no. Fifth edition. Explanation of the previously mentioned name Heiliges Römisches Reich and description of its characteristics: Hübner (1745) op. cit. III. 1-5.
51 Ferenczy-Wendelin L. (1959). Kínai – magyar bibliográfia. Kitajsko-vengerskoe bibliografija. Chinese-Hungarian bibliography. (Budapest: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár) 334. ISBN no. Lídia Wendelin-Ferenczy (1933-2024), a legendary librarian (National Széchényi Library), a scholar of bibliography, recently passed away.
52 Pray, G.. (1781). Epistolae anecdotae R. P. Augustini e comitibus Hallerstein ex China scriptae. (Buda: Egyetemi Nyomda). (8), 272, (55). ISBN no. A nearly contemporary Hungarian journal article from the Hallerstein-era: Molnár J. (1783). Kínai Birodalom. [Chinese Empire], Magyar Könyvház [Hungarian Library] 3(1) 573-584. On these topics, see: Ferenczy-Wendelin (1959) op. cit. 20-20.
53 It came to me through a private sale around 2006 from a colleague of the Institute of State and Law of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences responsible for cleanliness and coffee making. The previous owner of the volume was Major Lajos Nagy, according to the signature in the book. The volume came to the intermediate owner as a gift from Lajos Nagy (1911-1986), a criminal procedure lawyer, bibliographer, and Doctor of Science (DSc).
54 Anon (1959). Desjat let Kitajskoj Narodnoj Respubliki 1949-1959 [Ten Years of the People's Republic of China 1949-1959]. Peking, s.n. (Komiteta po organizacii prazdnovanija desjatj godovščini Kitajskoj Narodnoj Respubliki) [Committee for the organization of the tenth anniversary of the Chinese People's Republic]. 588, (23). 370x280 mm, so-called medium 2° size, 4.2 kg weight, 588 pages, with a 23-page separate table of contents leaflet (with a chapter- and image list, without the page number ranges). We assumed the publisher from the data on the organising committee gift card placed in the volume. The Hungarian party resolutions of the time do not refer to the significance of the anniversary, and we could not find a foreign affairs yearbook for the year 1959. MSZMP documents of the period: Vass H., Ságvári Á. compiled by (1973). A Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt határozatai és dokumentumai 1956-1962. [Resolutions and documents of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 1956-1962.]. Second, expanded edition. (Budapest: MSZMP KB-Kossuth Nyomda). 621. ISBN no.
55 His brother Sándor Sík (1889-1963) was a literary historian and Piarist provincial superior. Endre Sík was himself a Piarist novice.
56 Jordán G., Tálas B. (2005). Kína a modernizáció útján a 19-20. században. [China on the Path to Modernization in the 19th-20th Centuries]. (Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó). 460. ISBN: 9639350508; Salát G., Szilágyi Z. ed. (2017). Traumák és tanulságok. A II. világháború öröksége a Távol-Keleten. [Traumas and Lessons. The Legacy of World War II in the Far East]. (Budapest: Typotext). 305. ISBN: 978-963-279-930-8 Pázmány Nemzetközi Tanulmányok 8. Fischer, J. (1933). Mandschukuos Kampf und Sieg. (Hamburg: Otto Meissner). 432. ISBN no. Menz, G. (1937). Der Kampf um Nord-China. (Leipzig: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag). 91. ISBN no.; Tuchman, B. W. (1971). Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-1945. (New York City. The MacMillan Company). xv, 621. ISBN no.
57 Anon (1960) [1958]. Kína rövid története. [The short history of China]. (Transl.: Forgács M., Chinese names checked by: Tőkei F.). (Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó – Franklin Nyomda). 374, 10 t. ISBN no.; Ho, K. C. (1959). A History of the modern Chinese revolution. (Transl.: Language Faculty of the Western Language Departement of Peking). (Peking: Foreign Language Press). xii, 630. ISBN no.; Polonyi P. (1994). Kína története. [History of China]. (Budapest: Maecenas). 317. ISBN: 963 8469 04 8. Second, enlarged and revised edition.; Jordán G. (1999). Kína története. [History of China]. (Budapest: Aula). 570. ISBN: 963-9215-19-8; Hoxha, E. (1979) [1977]. Jegyzetek Kínáról. (Részletek a politikai naplóból). [Notes on China. (Excerpts from the political diary).]. (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). 165. ISBN no. On Taiwan’s history: Jordán G. (2005). Tajvan története. [History of Taiwan]. (Budapest: Kossuth Kiadó). 383. ISBN: 963-09-4684-X; Anon (1955). Important documents concerning the question of Taiwan. (Peking: Foreign Languages Press). 184. URL: https://ia801508.us.archive.org/30/items/importantdocstaiwan1955/importantdocstaiwan1955.pdf (accessed: 31 October 2024); Chien J. (1996). Understanding the logic of Beijing Taiwan Policy, Security Dialog, 27(4) 458-462. On modern Chinese legal history, see: Jordán G. (2008). „Az Ég magas, a császár messze van.” Igazságszolgáltatás, jog, és politika Kínában. [The Sky is High, the Emperor is Far Away.” Justice, Law, and Politics in China.]. (Budapest: ELTE Eötvös Kiadó). 284. ISBN: 978-963-284-009-3.
58

A telling historical monument to the relationship is the largest Chinese-Western dictionary, Osanin's Chinese-Russian dictionary, which is also called the ”monument of the unknown Russian sinologist(s):” Osanin, I. M. ed. (1983-1984). Bolšoj kitajsko-russkij slovar po russkoj grafičeskoj sisteme v 4 tomah. Okolo 250 000 slov vyraženij I-IV. [Chinese-Russian grand dictionary in four volumes according to the Russian search system. Approximately 250,000 words and expression I-IV.] (Moskva: Akademii Nauk SSSR - Glavnaja Redakcija Vostočnoj Literatury[Academy of Sciences of the USSR - Main Editorial Board of Eastern Literature]). 1100; 1103, (1); 1061. ISBN no.

A similarly significant English-language dictionary with a smaller corpus: Lu, G. (1989-1991). The English-Chinese Dictionary (Unabridged) I. A-L II. M-Z. (Shanghai:Shanghai Yiwen Chubanshe. [Shanghai Yiwen Publishing House]). 4205, (7). ISBN no.

59 Janda, K., Berry, J. M., Goldman, J. (1996). Az amerikai demokrácia. [The American Democracy]. (Transl.: Csobán E.) (Budapest: Osiris Kiadó). 469. ISBN: 963-379-135-9; Egedy G. (2014). Konzervatív gondolkodás és politika az Egyesült Államokban John Adamstől Russel Kirkig. [Conservative Thought and Politics in the United States from John Adams to Russel Kirk]. (Budapest: Századvég). 560. ISBN: 978-615-5164-15-6; Balogh I., Karácsony A.(2000). Német társadalomelméletek. Témák és trendek 1950-től napjainkig. [German Social Theories. Topics and Trends from 1950 to the Present]. (Budapest: Balassi Kiadó). 467. ISBN: 963-506-286-9. On two typical Western historical phenomena (colonial empire, locator war), see: Poór J. (1990). Nyugat-Európa és a gyarmatbirodalmak kialakulásának kora. [Western Europe and the Age of the Formation of Colonial Empires]. (Budapest: IKVA Kiadó). 178. ISBN: 963-7760-03-2. Millar, G. (1983) [1974]: A nagy lokátorháború. [The Great Locator War]. ( Transl.: Elek I.). (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó). Népszerű történelem sorozat. [Popular History Series]. ISBN: 963-09-2266-5.
60 Berdyaev (2020) [1946] op. cit. 9-84.
61 Lafayette de Mente, B. (2021) [2009]. A kínai észjárás. A hagyományos kínai gondolkodásmód, és a kortárs kultúrára gyakorolt hatásai. [The Chinese Mind. Traditional Chinese Thought and Its Influence on Contemporary Culture.]. ( Transl.: Rohonyi A., rev.: Nacsa L.). (Budapest: Pallas Athéné Könyvkiadó Kft.). 219. ISBN: 978-963-573-012-4. Third, revised edition.; Koi G. (2011b). Le légisme dans la littérature de la sinologie anglaise, française, allemande, et russe, In: Gerencsér B.Takács P. (eds.). Ratio Legis-Ratio Iuris. Ünnepi tanulmányok Tamás András tiszteletére 70. születésnapja alkalmából. [Ratio Legis-Ratio Iuris. Festive Studies in Honor of András Tamás on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday]. (Budapest: Szent István Társulat). 518-523.
62 Tímár L. (1985). A gazdaság térszerkezete és a társadalom. Az amerikai történeti földrajz néhány sajátos kutatási iránya, [The Spatial Structure of the Economy and Society. Some Specific Research Directions in American Historical Geography,] Történelmi Szemle, [Historical Review], 28(2) 258-272.; Berlin, I., Gutman, H. (1983). Osztályszerkezet és az amerikai munkásosztály fejlődése 1840 – 1890 között. (A bevándorlók és gyermekeik, mint bérmunkások), [Class Structure and the Development of the American Working Class between 1840 and 1890. (Immigrants and Their Children as Wage Workers)], Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review], 26(2) 224-237.; Montgomery, D. (1983). Nacionalizmus, amerikai patriotizmus és osztálytudat a bevándorolt munkások között az Egyesült Államokban az első világháború időszakában, [Nationalism, American Patriotism, and Class Consciousness among Immigrant Workers in the United States during the First World War], Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review], 26(2) 255-280.
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