In the summer of 1979, an Islamic Republic was born in Iran led by the Shiite clergy who rule the country since by virtue of the doctrine of the Guardianship of the jurist, vilāyat-i faqīh. In political terms, this type of governance claims religious authority as well as political power. The Shiite clergy too seriously its ambitions of rulership. Thus, it banned all political parties and movements and took control of the army and security forces. The Revolutionary Guard, a platform of the clergy and loyal to Khomeini, the supreme leader of there volution, has monopolised the entire power of the government, the army, the judiciary and parliament since 1981. Furthermore, the Islamic Republic established a state economy, controlled by the clergy, which depends on oil revenues, fostered a conservative society, with restrictions on freedoms and human rights, on women with the obligation of the veil (since 1981), and on universities purged of thousands of professors and students. The Guardian-jurist and the Leader of the Revolution, a position occupied by Khomeini (1979–1989) and Khamenei (1989–) hold religious authority and political power for life with the help of a council of experts and a council of Guardians, both composed mostly of Shiite clerics, which control the decisions of the presidency and the parliament; the Leader of the Revolution also has control over the country’s general policy, religious institutions and state bodies. In sum, it is a political regime that Olivier Roy has described as a constitutional theocracy.1