Viktor Bérces: Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
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Chaper VI. Continental-type evidence systems today
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6.4. The German model
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6.4.4. The system of means of evidence under the StPO rules

6.4.4. The system of means of evidence under the StPO rules

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The Criminal Procedure Act regulates the following types of evidence: witness evidence (Zeugenbeweis), expert evidence (Sachverständigenbeweis), documentary evidence (Urkundenbeweis) and inspection evidence (Augenscheinbeweis).

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  1. A witness is a procedural subject who provides information about his or her perceptions of the facts through his or her testimony. The law specifically regulates the ability to testify on a number of issues:
    • all people have the capacity to testify, including children and the mentally ill;
    • the judge and the prosecutor may be heard as witnesses in the same case, but they may no longer act in an official capacity in the case;
    • the defender and the expert may be heard as witnesses in the same case, and their further exclusion is not necessary (they can continue to act as defender and expert respectively).
     
    In the same case, one cannot be a witness of both
    • the debtor, and
    • the private prosecutor.1
    Obligations of the witness:
    • appearance before the court and the prosecutor’s office in the event of a regular summons (failure to do so may lead to various coercive measures, such as arrest);
    • the obligation to confess and to tell the truth (the law does, however, recognise mandatory and optional cases of refusal to confess);
    • the obligation to take an oath (except for persons under 16 years of age or mentally incompetent).
  2. In the case of experts, the law distinguishes between an expert and an expert witness. The latter is a witness who can give information on matters of special expertise but is not entitled to give an expert opinion.2 An expert witness cannot be substituted for the subject of the present proceedings because only he or she can give information on his or her own observations (e.g. a doctor who happens to be present at the scene of an accident and describes the victim’s injuries at the trial).
  3. A document is a readable document with a conceptual content. Accordingly, an illegible document in evidence does not fall within its scope.
  4. Sight is the process of perceiving persons or things by sight, hearing, touch, taste or smell. It is the process of looking at a particular scene, looking at a weapon or a film, or listening to an audio recording.3
1 Herke (2011) ibid. 39.
2 Accordingly, the rules on witness evidence apply.
3 Herke (2011) ibid. 41–43.
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