Tóth József (szerk.): Nyelv, kultúra, megértés: új kutatási módszerek a humán tudományok területén
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1. Nyelvi rendszerek és jelentésleírás
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Production and perceptual representation of American English vowels by monolingual and bilingual Iranian Learners • Naeimeh Afshar, Vincent J. van Heuven
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3. Perceptual representation of the AE vowels in L1 and L2
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3.2. Methods
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3.2.2. Materials

3.2.2. Materials

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The stimuli for the vowel identification experiment were sampled from a two-dimensional spectral grid defined by the center frequencies of the two lowest resonances in the human vocal tract, F1 (representing the vowel height dimension) and F2 (as a correlate of backness and lip rounding). F1 values ran from 2.5 to 8.5 Bark, in 7 steps of 1 Bark. The F2 values were varied in 9 steps of 1 Bark between 6 and 14 Bark. This yields 9 × 7 = 63 different vowel spectra in a rectangular matrix, as is illustrated in Figure 5. The use of equal steps (of 1 Bark) ensures that each step yields a change of vowel quality that is perceptually the same (Traunmüller, 1991). A number of F1-by-F2 combinations cannot be produced by the human vocal organs, and when synthesized, sound inhuman. These impossible/inhuman F1-by-F2 combinations were eliminated from the set of 63, so that a subset of 43 legitimate combinations remained, which together constitute a uniformly sampled universal acoustic vowel triangle. For details of the stimulus synthesis and motivation of choices made, we refer to Van Heuven et al. (2020).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The vowels were synthesized, using the LPC vocoder implemented in Praat, in an isolated /mVf/ monosyllable. The formant transitions were copied from natural human tokens of the corner vowels in /mif/, /maf/ and /muf/, and adjusted by linear interpolation to reach the steady-state formant values defined in Figure 6. Each token was synthesized once with a vowel duration of 200 ms and a second time of 300 ms, yielding a total set of 86 stimulus types.
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Figure 6. Steady-state F1 and F2 values for synthesized stimulus vowels. F1 is varied in 7 steps of 1 Bark (with equivalent hertz values shown) while F2 is varied in 9 steps. Twenty impossible/non-human F1-F2 combinations (grey cells) are excluded, leaving a vowel triangle of 43 perceptually equidistant points.
 
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