2.1. Defining special/specific educational needs

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When discussing SENs, the literature presents a broad spectrum of terms and their acronyms. Sánchez-Lopez and Young (2018) refer to learning disabilities (LD), (Lightbrown, Spada, 2020) mention specific learning impairment (SLI), reading disabilities (RD) and primary language impairments (PLI). Packer (2017) refers to personalised learning needs (PLN) and Kormos and Smith (2012) discuss specific learning difficulties (SLDs). For the purpose of this paper, specific educational needs (SEN) will be used, as an overarching reference to the various needs referred to within the research.

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It is important to understand the distinction between ʻlearning difficulty’ and ʻlearning disability’ (http://oxleas.nhs.uk, 2023). The focus of this research is on difficulties rather than disabilities, with the manifestations of some of the most commonly found SEN areas in mainstream classrooms: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) & dyslexia, being the primary focal point. In addition, this paper explores how knowledgeable English language teachers are of these manifestations and where they received their training (if any) for the integration of SEN students.
 
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