Tóth József (szerk.): Nyelv, kultúra, megértés: új kutatási módszerek a humán tudományok területén
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1. Nyelvi rendszerek és jelentésleírás
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Production and perceptual representation of American English vowels by monolingual and bilingual Iranian Learners • Naeimeh Afshar, Vincent J. van Heuven
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2. Experiment 1: Acoustics of AE vowel production
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2.3. Results
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2.3.1. Data analysis

2.3.1. Data analysis

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The vowels were segmented to determine their duration (in ms). For each target vowel token, the formants were then extracted using the Burg algorithm implemented in the Praat speech processing software (Boersma, Weenink, 2019). We looked for five formants in a bandwidth from 0 to 5 kHz. Formant tracks were overlaid on a wideband spectrogram so that we could visually check whether or not all formant tracks coincided with a dark band of energy in the spectrogram. We wanted at least the lowest two formants (F1, F2) to match convincingly, preferably the lowest three (F1, F2, F3). If no satisfactory visual match could be obtained, the number of formant and/or the maximum frequency was changed by trial and error until a match was found for at least F1 and F2.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

We marked all tokens which seemed incorrectly pronounced and deleted them from the dataset. Incorrect pronunciations occurred in the vast majority of the tokens of sawed and hawed, which were then pronounced with a full diphthong /ɑʊ/ (as in cloud) – which seems to be a matter of spelling pronunciation. As a result of this, the total number of /ɔ/ tokens was as little as 10 (which is 11% of the number of attempts). The words bed and head were repeated by the speakers at the end of the vowel reading to prevent list-final intonation. These repeated tokens were eliminated from the set of measurements; in one instance, however, a repeated token was substituted for a token of head which was incorrectly pronounced the first time. The formant values were averaged per token over the entire duration measured for the vowel. Given 45 speakers and two tokens per speaker, the maximum number of tokens was 90 per vowel type.
 
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