Tóth József (szerk.): Nyelv, kultúra, megértés: új kutatási módszerek a humán tudományok területén
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1. Nyelvi rendszerek és jelentésleírás
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A contrastive analysis of British English RP and Arabic MSA sound systems • Hala Saed
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2. Theoretical background
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2.2. First language interference and transfer

2.2. First language interference and transfer

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

ESL speakers’ first language, L1, usually interferes with their second/foreign language, L2. This interference has a positive or a negative effect on the L2 pronunciation. When speakers start to learn an L2, which is often controlled by their L1 or its dialects such as in Arabic language case, they tend to apply their L1 linguistic knowledge on their L2. As they do, the patterns and structures of their L1 would automatically transfer to their L2. From a phonological point of view, this transfer will result in new accents of L2 that seems similar to the speakers L1 accent or dialect (Lado, 1957; Gass, Selinker, 2008).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

A general definition of first language transfer was introduced in his book Linguistics across cultures Lado (1957: 2), where he stated clearly that:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

“Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings, and the distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture – both productively when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture, and receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and the culture as practiced by natives.”
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Also, according to Faerch and Kasper (1987), transfer is defined as a psycholinguistic process in which L2 speakers employ their existing linguistic knowledge to generate or use their interlanguage. Where Mahmoud (2010: 127) contributes adding that “transfer may be used as a learning strategy to formulate hypotheses about the target language and as a communication strategy to test these hypotheses”.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

It can be concluded that the native tongue is often the only source of information a learner can use to form a sentence or pronounce a word or even one sound. So it is a key issue to show the factors why learners switch to the first language in general and why they use it for pronunciation in particular.
 
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