Tóth József (szerk.): Nyelv, kultúra, megértés: új kutatási módszerek a humán tudományok területén
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1. Nyelvi rendszerek és jelentésleírás
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A contrastive analysis of British English RP and Arabic MSA sound systems • Hala Saed
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3. Languages under investigation: Modern Standard Arabic vs. British English (Received Pronunciation, RP)
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3.2. Arabic/English bilinguals’ phonemic predicted errors and repair strategies

3.2. Arabic/English bilinguals’ phonemic predicted errors and repair strategies

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According to many studies, the most frequent phonemic errors and repair strategies among Arabic/English bilinguals are substitution – using a sound instead of another which is similar in L1: Fouly and El-Aziz (2020) mention /f/ instead of /v/, Flege and Port (1981) /b/ instead of /p/, and Hamzah and El-Weshahi (2018) /ʃ/ instead of /ʧ/. See Table 11 for examples.
 

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Table 11. Predicted pronunciation errors
Arab bilinguals’ predicted error
RP correct pronunciation
Gloss
/baːrkɪd/
/pɑːkt/
‘parked’
/trεdʒər/
/trεʒə/
‘treasure’
/wud/
/wʊd/
‘wood’
/dif /
/dεf/
‘deaf’
/sɪkwaːd/
/skwɒd/
‘squad’
/breɪk-faːst/
/brεkfəst/
‘breakfast’
/sɪkræʃ/
/skræʧ/
‘scratch’
 

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In their study on Saudi Arabians, Flege and Port (1981: 125) stated that sound substitution is the clearest noticeable aspect of foreign-accented pronunciation, and they found that although Saudi Arabians could grasp the phonological nature of the English /p/ sound, which is absent in Arabic, they tend to substitute it with the sound /b/, as “they were unable to control all the articulatory dimensions by which this sound is produced”. Furthermore, based on a study conducted about Egyptians, Fouly and El-Aziz (2020) found out that the most frequently used strategy is substitution, in which participants replace a sound for another relevant one such as using /f/ instead of /v/. According to Hamzah and El-Weshahi (2018), the /ʧ/ sound proved to be de-affricated by Arab speakers in all positions, word-initial, word-medial and word-final, which was also confirmed by the study of Ahmad (2011), who examined the phonemes /v/, /p/, /ʒ/, /d/, /t/, /ŋ/, and /ʧ/ among Arab learners of English.

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The findings of Kalaldeh’s (2016) study among Jordanians demonstrate that the /p/, / ŋ/, /ɹ/, and /ƚ/ were substituted for by /b/, /ŋɡ/, /ɾ/, and /l/, respectively. It shows as well that there was a kind of confusion between the vowels /e/ – /ɪ/ and /ɔː/ – /əʊ/. In the study of Al-Shalabi (2021), the participants tend to substitute /θ/ for /ð/ in words like /maʊðd/ mouthed and /brɪ:ðɪng/ breathing as they were influenced by the spelling th pronounced /θ/ in mouth and breath. It is worth noting that all of the mentioned studies were conducted on the spoken varieties of Arabic rather than the MSA which is only used in formal contexts.

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The Arabic interference with English might vary from one dialect to another and mostly takes place as mentioned above, first, on the ‘phonetic’ level (Ramelan, 1994, 1) in the form of ‘a physical sound’ if the sound does not occur in L1. Second, on the ‘phonemic’ level (Ramelan, 1994, 1) it appears in the form of ‘signaling units’ if there was not enough phonological awareness of the L2 rules. Odden (2005: 3) contributes to the latter that “another aspect of language sound which a phonological analysis would take account of, is that in any given language, certain combinations of sounds are allowed, but other combinations are systematically impossible”.
 
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