8.4.2.4 Ideology

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Within the component of Ideology of the TDSI Model, the aspects examined will be: social beliefs and personal beliefs as well as the reproduction of ideology surfacing in argumentation, implicature, stylistic features and lexical choice, formulaic language and the distinction between US vs. THEM (cf. Section 4.6.3). In Source Text 2, there are more than twice as many evaluative beliefs as in Source Text 1: Source Text 2 has 9 evaluative beliefs as opposed to 4 in Source Text 1. These evaluative beliefs are found in the form of propositions in the following phrases and clauses: dacos vasárnapi megnyilatkozásaiban [in his defiant utterances on Sunday] (sentence 6), which describes the Prime Minister’s talk given right after the Referendum results were made public and engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett [played more lenient tunes] (sentence 6), where the idea of “more lenient” refers to the Prime Minister’s attitude to the voters opposing him, which ideologically positions him to the intended receivers of Source Text 2 as a potential enemy. In sentence 8, the use of the phrase vádaskodó hang [accusing tone] presents the Prime Minister’s reactions to the results of the Social Referendum as judgemental, which again ideologically positions him to the readers of the source text as a political enemy. In sentence 12, which discusses the fact that during the parliamentary debate of the Referendum results no reference was made to the GDP-proportionate state contribution to health care and education, the phrase gondosan homályban hagyatott [carefully not mentioned] is used, which ideologically suggests that these data were purposefully failed to be mentioned. Sentence 13 describes the mood of the Prime Minister calling him kissé letargikus [slightly lethargic], which ideologically reinforces the idea of political defeat over him. Sentence 16 refers to the Prime Minister’s Őszöd speech, which is described as hírhedt [infamous], which negatively positions the speech. With reference to the campaign preceding the Social Referendum, sentence 17 of Source Text 2 pictures the Prime Minister as szenvedélyesen, ám nem latinovitsi fokon Cipollát alakító [passionately acting Cipolla but not as well as actor Latinovits] and talks about him performing meglehetősen enerváltan [quite enervated], which ideologically suggests that the Prime Minister is making an effort to act in front of the voters and thus convince them. Sentence 18 of Target Text 2 claims that those who have tried to follow the Prime Minister’s reactions to the results of the Social Referendum in Parliament will have concluded that his talk is őrült beszéd, de nincs benne rendszer [a madman’s speech with no system or structure in it], which ideologically questions the Prime Minister’s capacity of sound judgement and thus his ability to hold the position of prime minister.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The evaluative beliefs detailed above function as social beliefs shared by those opposing the Prime Minister in his reforms and consequently the policies of the government and MSZP. Therefore, these social beliefs contribute to the formation of a group identity in the sense of creating an anti-Prime Minister and pro-Fidesz social grouping. In sum, the article ideologically opposes the government’s reforms and presents a very negative picture of the Prime Minister’s attitude, arguments and political capacities through evaluative beliefs.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In terms of opinions in the source text, Source Text 2 features 3 opinions as opposed to 5 in Source Text 1. The author of Source Text 2 voices the following opinions: sikertelenül hadakozott [fighting in vain] (sentence 4) with reference to the defeat of the governing coalition in the Referendum; önző háromigenesek [selfish persons voting three ‘yes’s] (sentence 10) in connection with persons voting against the government’s policies; and Körülbelül ennyi volt a gyurcsányi önvizsgálat veleje [About this much was the essence of Gyurcsány’s self-reflection] (sentence 15) in relation to the moral judgement of the Prime Minister’s evaluation of the Referendum results. These personal beliefs signal the journalist’s personal commitment against the issue of the government’s reforms and criticise particularly the Prime Minister’s reactions to the Referendum results, which communicates an anti-government and pro-Fidesz ideology in Source Text 2.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Target Text 3 rendered by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for MSZP reproduces some of the above evaluative beliefs and opinions. The evaluative beliefs reproduced are: sounded more moderate (sentence 6), mildly melancholic (sentence 12), passionate Cipolla though not quite as talented as the great Hungarian actor Latinovits (sentence 16), in a rather enervated manner (sentence 16) and This be madness and there is no method in ‘t. (sentence 17). It must be noted that the last evaluative belief is in fact a Shakespearian quotation altered, still it could be phrased differently should translators wished to reproduce it in a non-evaluative way. Certain evaluative beliefs, nonetheless, are not reproduced: castigating Sunday night reactions (sentence 6), which makes no reference to defiance referred to as dacos [defiant] in sentence 6 of Source Text 2, was not elaborated on (sentence 11), where reference to purposefulness signalled by gondosan [carefully] in sentence 12 of Source Text 2 is omitted, the phrase vádaskodó hang [accusing tone] in sentence 8 of Source Text 2 is rendered as critical tone in sentence 8, which does not communicate any negative evaluation and the Őszöd speech is termed widely-known in sentence 15 here as opposed to hírhedt [infamous] in sentence 16 of Source Text 2.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The opinions reproduced are: selfish ones (sentence 10) and Approximately this was the essence of PM Gyurcsány’s introspection (sentence 14). One opinion, however, is not reproduced: sikertelenül hadakozott [fighting in vain] in sentence 4 of Source Text 2 becomes vehemently opposing in sentence 4 of Target Text 3, which makes no reference to the idea of failure on the part of the government or the governing coalition in connection with their crushing defeat.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The partial reproduction of evaluative beliefs and opinions is not surprising as a pro-Fidesz article is translated for MSZP by MSZP supporter Translator 1. Thus, the translator perceives the need to translate in a way that the resulting article is not as judgemental in language as Source Text 2 and consequently only partially reproduces evaluative beliefs and opinions. This partial reproduction, nevertheless, is incapable of fundamentally influencing the ideology reproduced in Target Text 3 in favour of the client.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Target Text 4 has been translated by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for Fidesz, which influences the reproduction of ideology. Evaluative beliefs are, without exception, reproduced: defiant Sunday night reactions and sounded softer (sentence 6), accusing tone (sentence 8), deliberately obscured (sentence 11), mildly lethargic (sentence 12), infamous Őszöd speech (sentence 14), played Cipolla passionately but not at actor Latinovits’s standard (sentence 16), in a rather enervated manner (sentence 16) and This be madness and there is no method in ‘t (sentence 17). In a similar fashion, opinions are also reproduced without exception: opposing fiercely (sentence 4), selfish ones (sentence 10), Approximately this was the essence of PM Gyurcsány’s introspection (sentence 14).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

This seems to suggest that even if the translator shares a different ideology from the one exhibited in the article, if the client’s ideology is identical with the one expressed in the article, no further ideology will be included by the translator. Differences in the choice of lexis in Target Texts 3 and 4 will be discussed with reference to ideology as part of the discussion on stylistic features and lexical choice below.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Target Text 7 translated by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for MSZP seems to retain the great majority of evaluative beliefs and opinions expressing ideology. In sentence 6 of Target Text 7 we find the evaluative belief of insolent Sunday night reactions and his speech was more manageable as reproduced evaluative beliefs of dacos vasárnapi megnyilatkozásaiban [in his defiant utterances on Sunday] and engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett [played more lenient tunes] (both in sentence 6 of Source Text 2), vádaskodó hang [accusing tone] in sentence 8 of Source Text 2 is translated as accuses (sentence 8) also preserving the evaluative belief. Furthermore, the following evaluative beliefs are also reproduced in Target Text 7: deliberately cloaked (sentence 13), slightly lethargic (sentence 14), infamous Őszöd speech (sentence 17), passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not as perfectly as Latinovits (sentence 18), enervated tone (sentence 18), This be madness and there is no method in ‘t (sentence 19). Intriguingly enough, a new evaluative belief surfaces in the translation of the evaluatively neutral clause of a népszavazással Magyarország […] veszített (sentence 13 of Source Text 1): in Target Text 7 in the clause Hungary will sadly miss something as a result of the referendum (sentence 14 of Target Text 7) the adverb sadly communicates sympathy towards the client, MSZP, whose ideology is shared by the Prime Minister under fire in the article.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Very similarly, all opinions expressed in Source Text 2 are reproduced: strongly opposing (sentence 4), selfish persons (sentence 10), All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as much as this (sentence 16). This points towards the conclusion that the translator does not fail to reproduce the ideological content of the source text in the translation even if this ideology opposes that of the client. This could suggest that whenever translators share the same ideology as the one expressed in the argumentative political article, if they are to translate for a client whose ideology opposes the ideology of the source text, which the case here is, they may opt to reproduce the original ideology of the source text and hide behind it claiming the ideology expressed is not of their making. That is what happens in the case of Target Text 7. Another translator strategy could be the opposite: to refuse to reproduce the ideological content of the source article and please the client. This is what could be observed in the case of Translator 1 in connection Target Text 4 for Fidesz.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The reproduction of ideology in Target Text 8, translated by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for Fidesz, is very similar to the reproduction of ideology in Target Text 7. All evaluative beliefs and opinions are reproduced and the above-mentioned extra evaluative belief as well as a new one are also included. The evaluative beliefs reproduced are: in sentence 6 of Target Text 8 we find insolent and impertinent Sunday night reactions, where impertinent has been added is a new evaluative belief, sounded more agreeable is the reproduced evaluative belief of engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett [played more lenient tunes] (sentence 6 of Source Text 2), vádaskodó hang [accusing tone] in sentence 8 of Source Text 2 is translated as accusations (sentence 8) also preserving the evaluative belief. Furthermore, the following evaluative beliefs are likewise reproduced: deliberately cloaked (sentence 13), slightly lethargic (sentence 14), Hungary will sadly miss something as a result of the referendum (sentence 14), infamous Őszöd speech (sentence 17), passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not nearly as perfectly as Latinovits (sentence 18), enervated tone (sentence 18), This be madness and there is no method in ‘t (sentence 19) and the extra evaluative belief referred to above in connection with Target Text 7 also surfaces here: Hungary will sadly miss something as a result of the referendum (sentence 14 of Target Text 8). Here the word sadly may be interpreted as sarcastic as opposed to Target Text 7. Furthermore, another extra evaluative belief surfaces in sentence 19 of Target Text 8 with no corresponding evaluative belief in Source Text 2: the phrase long-winded with reference to the Prime Minister’s speech in Parliament.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Very similarly, all the opinions expressed in Source Text 2 are also reproduced: (unsuccessfully) moving heaven and earth (sentence 4), selfish persons (sentence 10), All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as little as this (sentence 16). In the case of this target text Translator 2 reproduced all evaluative beliefs and opinions, which can be put down to the fact that Source Text 2, the translator and the client share the same ideology. There are, however, notable differences reflecting ideology in the choice of lexis in Target Texts 7 and 8. These include for instance insolent Sunday night reactions in sentence 6 of Target Text 7 as opposed to insolent and impertinent Sunday night reactions in sentence 6 of Target Text 8 in connection with the Prime Minister’s first reactions to the results of the Social Referendum and strongly opposing in sentence 4 of Target Text 7 versus (unsuccessfully) moving heaven and earth in sentence 4 of Target Text 8 about the efforts of the coalition partners to campaign against the repeal of the fees through the Referendum. These lexical differences will be touched upon with reference to ideology as part of the discussion on stylistic features and lexical choice below.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

For the purpose of summarising the findings of the reproduction of evaluative beliefs and opinions, Table 8.5 and Table 8.6 provide a quick overview. The tables show the evaluative beliefs and opinions of Source Text 2 as well as the reproduction of these beliefs and opinions in the different target texts. The number of the sentences in which the given belief and/or opinion appears is provided in parentheses.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

From the data it seems that translators reproduce the majority of evaluative beliefs and opinions of Source Text 2 once they translate for clients sharing the same ideology as that of the source text: this is so in the case of Target Texts 4 and 8. Translators partly (Target Text 3) or fully (Target Text 7) reproduce evaluative beliefs and opinions expressed in Source Text 2 if they translate for clients not sharing the ideology of the source text. Still, the resulting target texts will ideologically be closer to the ideology shared by the client than the ideology in the source text.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The second aspect of the component of Ideology focuses on the reproduction of ideology through argumentation, stylistic features and lexical choice, implicature, formulaic language and the distinction between US vs. THEM. Below Target Text 2 and its translations are analysed with reference to the reproduction of ideology. Argumentation is a feature of texts capable of reproducing ideology. Argumentation targets logical persuasion. As described in Sections 3.6 and 7.9.1.2, logical persuasion is expressed in the gist of argumentative newspaper articles, i.e. the macrostructure affected by the superstructure. Therefore, the reproduction of ideology in the argumentation of Source Text 2 and its translations will be analysed with reference to the gists of texts in order to investigate whether translators reproduce the ideology expressed in the argumentation of the source text.
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Table 8.5: Evaluative beliefs in Source Text 2 and in its four translations
Evaluative beliefs in Source Text 2
(No. of Sentence )
Target Text 3
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 4
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 7
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 8
(No. of Sentence)
Remark
dacos vasárnapi megnyilatkozásaiban (6)
---
defiant Sunday night reactions (6)
insolent Sunday night reactions (6)
insolent and impertinent Sunday night reactions (6)
In Target Text 3, this is not an evaluative belief.
engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett (6)
sounded more moderate (6)
sounded softer (6)
his speech was more manageable (6)
sounded more agreeable (6)
vádaskodó hang (8)
---
accusing tone (8)
accuses (8)
accusations (8)
In Target Text 3, this is not an evaluative belief.
gondosan homályban hagyatott (12)
was not elaborated on (11)
deliberately obscured (11)
deliberately cloaked (13)
deliberately cloaked (13)
népszavazással Magyarország […] veszített (13)
---
---
Hungary will sadly miss something as a result of the referendum (14)
Hungary will sadly miss something as a result of the referendum (14)
In Target Texts 7 and 8, the referent proposition of Source Text 2 is reproduced as an evaluative belief.
kissé letargikus (13)
mildly melancholic (12)
mildly lethargic (12)
slightly lethargic (14)
slightly lethargic (14)
hírhedt hazugságbeszéd (16)
---
infamous Őszöd speech of lies (14)
infamous Őszöd speech of lies (17)
infamous Őszöd speech of lies (17)
In Target Text 3, this is not an evaluative belief.
szenvedélyesen, ám nem latinovitsi fokon Cipollát alakító (17)
passionate Cipolla though not quite as talented as the great Hungarian actor Latinovits (16)
played Cipolla passionately but not at actor Latinovits’s standard (16)
passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not as perfectly as Latinovits (18)
passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not nearly as perfectly as Latinovits (18)
meglehetősen enerváltan (17)
rather enervated manner (16)
rather enervated manner (16)
enervated tone (18)
enervated tone (18)
őrült beszéd, de nincs benne rendszer (18)
This be madness and there is no method in ‘t. (17)
This be madness and there is no method in ‘t. (17)
This be madness and there is no method in ‘t. (19)
This be madness and there is no method in ‘t. (19)
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Table 8.6: Opinions in Source Text 2 and in its four translations
Opinions in Source Text 2
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 3
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 4
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 7
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 8
(No. of Sentence)
sikertelenül hadakozott (4)
vehemently opposing (4)
opposing fiercely (4)
strongly opposing (4)
(unsuccessfully) moving heaven and earth (4)
önző háromigenesek (10)
selfish ones (10)
selfish ones (10)
selfish persons (10)
selfish persons (10)
Körülbelül ennyi volt a gyurcsányi önvizsgálat veleje (15)
Approximately this was the essence of PM Gyurcsány’s introspection (14)
Approximately this was the essence of PM Gyurcsány’s introspection (14)
All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as much as this (16)
All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as little as this (16)
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The gist of Source Text 2 translated literally into English is as follows (expressions appearing in square brackets are only included to make the text more meaningful for the interpretation of the results):
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Then he [the President of Hungary] warned that legislators and politicians are to draw the conclusions with reference to the referendum. This was attempted yesterday in the House of the Parliament. The Liar of Őszöd [the Prime Minister] and other actors [governing coalition politicians] think people having voted yes want to use services for free. The Leader of the Parliamentary Group of Fidesz, Mr. Tibor Navracsics stated that health care and education are not free services but governing coalition politicians kept repeating the contrary [textually slightly shortened for our purposes]. Hungary lost with the referendum. This is as much as the Prime Minister could say. The Liar of Őszöd made another attempt to seem to speak the truth while lying [textually slightly shortened for our purposes]. As far as the contents of his [Prime Minister’s] several speeches are concerned, the audience conceptualised the following Shakespearean paraphrase: “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t” [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The argumentation features the following arguments and ideology. The first step in the argument is that, on the basis of the Referendum result, the conclusions of the Social Referendum are to be drawn by politicians. This argument immediately positions the article ideologically as it claims that after the overwhelming victory of Fidesz both political sides will have to act accordingly. This suggestion foreshadows that the article is going examine the standpoints of the two opposing political sides and will eventually attack the government.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The next step in the argument is to make a comparison between the Government’s and the Opposition’s arguments: the Prime Minister and the MPs of the governing coalition claim those who have voted in favour of the repeal of the fees acted to save money, whereas the Leader of the Parliamentary Group of Fidesz notes that people do pay for education and health care. Here the article describes the ideology of MSZP and Fidesz from its own ideological perspective: while MSZP is positioning those having voted against the fees as tight-fisted persons making decisions on grounds that financially benefit them the best, Fidesz’s claims are based on the fact that people do pay for education and health care through paying taxes and contributions, therefore requesting extra money for these services is intolerable. The ideology behind this method of presentation is to make readers realise that Fidesz’s claims are based on facts, whereas MSZP’s claims are unsupported. Also, Source Text 2 presents a picture of MSZP expressing its low opinion of “Yes” voters. Through this method of presentation the article reinforces the ideology that Fidesz is competent in the issue and understanding towards the voters whereas MSZP is not. Considering the fact that such a Referendum result could have provoked early general elections at the time when Source Text 2 was published, making the Government and the governing coalition look incompetent, might have been part of a well-planned, ideologically carefully positioned campaign.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The subsequent step in the argument is making references to the Prime Minister, who claims that Hungary has lost with the Referendum. Here again the article leaves the Prime Minister’s point unsupported and concludes that the Prime Minister could say as much as this. The ideology behind this is not only to portray the Prime Minister as a lame duck and but also to influence public opinion by focalising PM Gyurcsány’s incompetence through not publishing referent supports in the article and concurrently foregrounding Fidesz’s political aptness.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The next step in the argumentation is to refer readers to the Prime Minister’s Őszöd speech, in connection with which the Prime Minister is pictured as a notorious liar. This ideologically serves to undermine the credibility of the Prime Minister, which may consequently lead to his fall. The last step in the argumentation is to question the sound judgement of the Prime Minister through interpreting his speech as nonsense. Ideologically this assumption declares the Prime Minister unfit for his position.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In our understanding, the main ideology expressed in Source Text 2 is retained in all target texts as the steps of the argumentation are identical with the steps described above. Thus, argumentation is not manipulated by translators. However, the different lexical choices of the gists of the four translations signal translators’ different ideological interpretations of the arguments as the reproduction of ideology can happen through stylistic features and/or lexical choice. Below, lexical choice in the four gists (provided in Section 8.3) will be compared to reveal in what ways lexical choice supports or undermines the ideology expressed in the referent gists.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The gist of Target Text 3 rendered by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for MSZP pictures the President of Hungary as somewhat autocratic. Sentence 2 contains he declared as if the President was firmly instructing parliamentary parties what to do. This negative portrayal ideologically is very much in line with MSZP’s rhetoric, which repeatedly attacked the President of Hungary in the years preceding the Social Referendum. People having voted against the payment of the visit, hospital and tuition fees are termed bargain hunters in sentence 10, which expression does not necessarily convey negative judgement unlike the term ingyenesség hasznonlesői [mercenary people of free meals] in sentence 10 of Source Text 2. This ideologically serves the purpose of combating the negative associations Source Text 2 provokes in connection with the Government and MSZP for their negative judgement of people having voted “Yes” at the Referendum. The term kortesbeszédek [canvass speech] in sentence 11 of Source Text 2 is rendered with the help of the neutral word speeches in sentence 11 of Target Text 3 in order to avoid negative associations with MSZP thereby reinforcing a balanced presentation of MSZP and consequently its ideology. The phrase gondosan homályban hagyatott [carefully not mentioned] in sentence 12 of Source Text 2 is rendered as was not elaborated on in sentence 11, where the idea of purposefully failing to quote referent facts is omitted, which ideologically fails to position MSZP in a negative light.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In sum, Translator 1 seems to be concerned about making ideological adjustments by failing to reproduce certain lexical items expressing ideology to create a more favourable text for MSZP. Consequently, the ideology of Source Text 2 is manipulated: the ideology included by Translator 1 is trying to undermine the ideology expressed in the gist of Source Text 2. The above causes an intriguing scenario: the arguments reproduce Fidesz’s ideology, while certain lexical elements that of MSZP. Still, the pragmatic situation of posting this translation on the web page of MSZP seems to position and guide readers in their interpretation of the ideology exhibited in the target text.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The gist of Target Text 4 rendered by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for Fidesz reproduces all the lexical items expressing the ideology shared by the article and Fidesz. The following lexical items reflect the ideology shared by Fidesz: the President of Hungary in sentence 2 motioned that consequences be drawn, where the lexical item motion does not suggest any abuse of power on the part of the President, which is line with Fidesz’s ideology as Fidesz did not attack the President for that. The phrases money grubbers in sentence 10, performers of […] canvass speeches and was deliberately obscured (both in sentence 11) as well as the lexical item reprimanding in sentence 15 describing the Prime Minister’s criticism against the President of Fidesz present MSZP and MSZP’s political rhetoric in a negative light, therefore reproduce Fidesz’s ideology of focusing on the negative features of MSZP. This suggests that Translator 1 realised that the ideology exhibited by Target Text 2 is shared by Fidesz and consequently reproduced the ideological content of the source text without any changes.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The gist of Target Text 7 rendered by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for MSZP shows no instances of ideological manipulation through lexical choice. The lexical items in Source Text 2 reflecting ideology are reproduced to reflect the original ideology of the source text, however, they are phrased in an ideologically less offensive way in line with the client’s ideological expectations. Thus, the phrase Őszödi Böszme és a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői in sentence 10 of Source Text 2 is rendered as the Dimwit of Őszöd and the less significant members of PM Gyurcsány’s team in sentence 10 of Target Text 7, where, even if the original ideology of the negative presentation of the Prime Minister and his circle is reproduced, the use of team, for instance, does not imply criticism. The same is true to the translation of sentence 15 of Source Text 2 Körülbelül ennyi volt a gyurcsányi önvizsgálat veleje, which is rendered as All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as much as this in sentence 16 of Target Text 7, where as much as this could easily lend itself to a different phrasing through for instance explicitation involving a harsher phrasing of the opinion. This becomes especially obvious if we compare the translation of the above phrases in Target Texts 7 and 8 and compared (PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as much as this as opposed to PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as little as this). Even in the case of lexical items potentially yielding themselves for manipulation such as the item pointed out above, no further ideology is included on the part of Translator 2. Therefore, the ideology of Source Text 2 is reproduced without any supporting or undermining ideological content.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The gist of Target Text 8 rendered by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for Fidesz includes further pro-Fidesz ideology through the use of certain lexical items. The phrase Őszödi Böszme és a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői in sentence 10 of Source Text 2 is rendered as Dimwit of Őszöd and the less significant members of PM Gyurcsány’s cronies in sentence 10 of Target Text 8, where cronies ideologically negatively positions the Prime Minister and his team, thus reproducing Fidesz’s ideology. The translation of sentence 15 of Source Text 2 Körülbelül ennyi volt a gyurcsányi önvizsgálat veleje, which is rendered as All in all, PM Gyurcsány’s introspection extended to as little as this in sentence 16 of Target Text 8, reflects explicitation through the use of little, which ideologically negatively comments on the Prime Minister’s speech. Here we must note that this reinforces the ideology behind Source Text 2, which pictures Mr. Gyurcsány as an incompetent Prime Minister. The inclusion of the phrase long-winded with reference to the Prime Minister’s speech in Parliament in sentence 19 of Target Text 8 reproduces Fidesz’s ideology by the inclusion of an evaluative belief that signals that the speech in question was boring and did not make any sense, which contributes to picturing the Prime Minister as incompetent. It seems that in terms of lexical choice translators reproduce the ideology contained in the gist of the source text but also manipulate the gists through the inclusion of the ideology shared by the actual client.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Stylistic features and lexical choice can reproduce ideology elsewhere than exclusively in the gist. Lexical choice in the identification of political actors plays a crucial role in the reproduction of ideology in Source Text 2. Source Text 2 carefully separates the two opposing political sides by using ideologically charged nicknames of Government and MSZP politicians or by purposefully not giving their titles only their names, while retains the official titles of Fidesz politicians and that of Mr. László Sólyom President of Hungary. In Source Text 2 the Prime Minister is referred to as Gyurcsány Ferenc (without title – sentence 5), Őszödi Böszme [Liar of Őszöd] (sentences 10 and 16), Gyurcsány (without title – sentence 17) and only once is he referred to as kormányfő [Prime Minister] (sentence 13). Government and MSZP politicians are collectively called a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői (Kóka, Lendvai, Hiller) [the Liar of Őszöd and other minor actors of the cast Mr. Kóka, Ms. Lendvai, Mr. Hiller] (sentence 10). As opposed to this, references to the President of Hungary or Fidesz politicians are as follows: Sólyom László köztársasági elnök [László Sólyom President of Hungary] (sentence 1), Navracsics Tibor, a Fidesz frakcióvezetője [Tibor Navracsics Leader of the parliamentary group of Fidesz] (sentence 11), Fidesz elnöke [the President of Fidesz] (sentence 15). This reproduces the ideology shared by Fidesz: nicknaming those who are ideologically opposed and ensuring reverence for those sharing Fidesz’s ideology.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In the four target texts, irrespective of the client, most of the above ideologically-rooted naming practices are retained and/or are adjusted to the target language norms, e.g. the surname of the Prime Minister or other public political figures, as a rule, cannot stand on its own without the title. Accordingly, Gyurcsány Ferenc (without title – sentence 5 of Source Text 2) is referred to as Mr. Ferenc Gyurcsány (sentence 5 in Target Texts 3 and 4) and as PM Ferenc Gyurcsány (sentence 5 in Target Texts 7 and 8), Őszödi Böszme [Liar of Őszöd] (sentences 10 and 16 of Source Text 2) is translated as the Jackass of Őszöd (sentences 10 and 15 in Target Texts 3 and 4) and as the Dimwit of Őszöd (sentences 10 and 17 in Target Texts 7 and 8), Gyurcsány (without title – sentence 17 of Source Text 2) is rendered as PM Gyurcsány (sentence 16 of Target Texts 3 and 4 and sentence 18 of Target Texts 7 and 8) and kormányfő is translated as head of government (sentence 12 of Target Texts 3 and 4) and Prime Minister (sentence 14 of Target Texts 7 and 8). The collective term színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői (Kóka, Lendvai, Hiller) [other minor actors of the cast Mr. Kóka, Ms. Lendvai, Mr. Hiller] is rendered as more insignificant members of the cast (Mr. Kóka, Ms. Lendvai, Mr. Hiller) (sentence 10 of Target Texts 3 and 4). The phrase Sólyom László köztársasági elnök is translated as Mr. László Sólyom President of the Republic of Hungary (sentence 1 of Target Texts 3, 4, 7 and 8), Navracsics Tibor, a Fidesz frakcióvezetője is rendered as Mr. Tibor Navracsics Leader of the parliamentary group of Fidesz (sentence 11 of Target Texts 3, 4, 7 and 8), and Fidesz elnöke as President of Fidesz (sentence 15 of Target Texts 3 and 4 and sentence 16 of Target Texts 7 and 8). This suggests that the ideology surfacing in the naming practice in Source Text 2 is reproduced in the target texts unless linguistic norms otherwise dictate.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Metaphors also play a vital role in the reproduction of ideology in Source Text 2. As mentioned above with reference to perspective, Source Text 2 uses a chain of metaphors throughout the text for describing the Prime Minister as a second-rate musician-actor in a cheap melodrama staged in Parliament. This also works towards picturing the Prime Minister as a political performer, which presents Fidesz’s ideology of undermining the political reputation of the Prime Minister. In Source Text 2 the textual realisations of the above chain of metaphors are the following phrases: a fő szólamot Gyurcsány Ferenc igyekezett megadni [the main tune was played by Gyurcsány] (sentence 5), valamelyest engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett [played more lenient tunes] (sentence 6) and az Őszödi Böszme és a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői [the Liar of Őszöd and other minor actors of the cast] (sentence 10) and nem latinovitsi fokon Cipollát alakító Gyurcsány [Gyurcsány passionately acting Cipolla but not as well as actor Latinovits] (sentence 17).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The above chain of metaphors expressing ideology is mostly reproduced as metaphors expressing ideology in all four target texts. The reproduction of these metaphors, however, is influenced by the client of the target text in question. In order to compare the textual realisations of the metaphors, Table 8.7 presents the metaphors and their translations in the four target texts.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Apart from the fact that Translator 2 does not translate the metaphor Őszödi Böszme és a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői as a metaphor, it is revealing that Target Texts 3 and 7 for MSZP do not reproduce the metaphor a fő szólamot Gyurcsány Ferenc igyekezett megadni. This seems to suggest that all metaphors in the source text expressing ideology are reproduced on condition the ideology they express is shared by the ideology of the client. If this is not the case, the translators only partly reproduce these metaphors.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The reproduction of ideology can be carried out by implicature, which plays an important role with reference to the political message of a text. In Sections 3.6 and 7.9.1.2, it was argued that political messages realise emotive persuasion and that lexical choice in political messages plays a crucial role in inducing emotive persuasion. It has also been claimed that due to the shortness of political messages, such a message builds on implicature in the context of the full text from which the political message in question has been construed. It follows from this that the ideological interpretation of political messages is only possible once the ideological interpretation of the texts from which they have been construed has been established.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In order to explore how translation potentially alters political messages, the political message of Source Text 2 will be analysed and compared with the political messages of the four translations of Source Text 2. The political message of Sourec Text 2, which is made up sentences 3 and 18, is as follows: Ezt a feladatot kísérelték meg abszolválni tegnap az Országgyűlésben. Sokszori megszólalásai tartalma kapcsán pedig inkább egy shakespeare-i parafrázis fogalmazódhatott meg a hallgatóságban: őrült beszéd, de nincs benne rendszer.
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Table 8.7: Metaphors expressing ideology in Source Text 2 and in its four translations
Metaphors expressing ideology in Source Text 2
(No. of Sentence )
Target Text 3
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 4
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 7
(No. of Sentence)
Target Text 8
(No. of Sentence)
Remark
a fő szólamot Gyurcsány Ferenc igyekezett megadni (5)
---
Mr. Ferenc Gyurcsány played the dominant tune (5)
---
MP Ferenc Gyurcsány acted as the lead piper (5)
Not reproduced in Target Texts 3 and 7.
kialudva valamelyest engedékenyebb húrokat pengetett (6)
sounded more moderate (6)
sounded softer (6)
his speech was more manageable (6)
his speech sounded more agreeable (6)
az Őszödi Böszme és a színlap egyéb kisbetűs szereplői (10)
“Jackass of Őszöd” and the more insignificant members of the cast (14)
“Jackass of Őszöd” and the more insignificant members of the cast (14)
---
---
Not reproduced as a metaphor in Target Texts 7 and 8.
nem latinovitsi fokon Cipollát alakító Gyurcsány (17)
PM Gyurcsány, like a passionate Cipolla though not quite as talented as the great Hungarian actor Latinovits (16)
PM Gyurcsány, who played Cipolla passionately but not at actor Latinovits’s standard (16)
PM Gyurcsány, while passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not as perfectly as Latinovits (18)
PM Gyurcsány, while passionately acting in the role of Cipolla but not nearly as perfectly as Latinovits (18)
shakespeare-i parafrázis (18)
Shakespearian line paraphrased (17)
Shakespeare paraphrased (17)
Shakespearian paraphrase (19)
Shakespearian paraphrase (19)
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The political message translated verbatim into English for our purposes (with explanatory remarks in square brackets) reads like this:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

This [drawing the conclusions] was attempted yesterday in the House of the Parliament. As far as the contents of his [Prime Minister’s] several speeches are concerned, the audience conceptualised the following Shakespearean paraphrase: “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t” [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In view of the ideology contained in the full text of Source Text 2, the above political message implies that the conclusion to be drawn from the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the results of the Social Referendum is that the Prime Minister has gone mad. The ideology in the implicature expressed by the political message is to position the Prime Minister as an incompetent political performer, who should be removed from power, through which the alternative of a new election and a Fidesz-led government can be furthered.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

It must be noted here that the translator’s space of ideologically altering or manipulating the political message of the target texts is very limited as the focalised part of the political message is the slightly altered Shakespearean quotation, “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t”, which is unlikely to be translated freely.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The political message of Target Text 3, which is made up sentences 3 and 17 and has been translated by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for MSZP, is as follows:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

This task [drawing the conclusions] was attempted to be absolved in the House of Parliament yesterday. His [Prime Minister’s] manifold statements conjure up a Shakespearian line paraphrased in the audience: “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t” [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The translation reproduces the ideology contained in the full text of Source Text 2 but through the use of the verb conjure up does not equate the Prime Minister’s speech with a madman’s words: it presents this only as a possible interpretation. In the MSZP supporter receivers of Target Text 3 this emotively generates some sympathy towards the Prime Minister and a way of escape from the perceived reality presented in the article, thus promoting MSZP’s ideology.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The political message of Target Text 4, which is made up sentences 3 and 17 and has been translated by MSZP supporter Translator 1 for Fidesz, is as follows:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

This task [drawing the conclusions] was attempted to be absolved in the House of Parliament yesterday. The content of his [Prime Minister’s] manifold statements reminds the audience of Shakespeare paraphrased: “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t” [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The translation reproduces the ideology contained in the full text of Source Text 2 and through the use of the verb remind equates the Prime Minister’s speech with the talk of a madman. In the Fidesz supporter receivers of Target Text 4 this emotively generates a feeling of reassurance in the Prime Minister’s low mental capacity formerly communicated by Fidesz, which is in line with Fidesz’s ideology.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The political message of Target Text 7, which is made up sentences 3 and 19 and has been translated by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for MSZP, is as follows:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The House of Parliament was engaged in doing so [drawing the conclusions] yesterday. For the audience, the essence of his [Prime Minister’s] numerous speeches can be summarized in a Shakespearian paraphrase: “This be madness and there is no method in ‘t” [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The translation reproduces the ideology contained in the full text of Source Text 2 and through the use of the verb summarize equates the Prime Minister’s speech with a madman’s words. In the MSZP supporter receivers of Target Text 7 this is likely to emotively generate a determination to defend the Prime Minister and thus the text causes political mobilisation, thus promoting the ideology of MSZP.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The political message of Target Text 8, which is made up sentences 3 and 19 and has been translated by Fidesz supporter Translator 2 for Fidesz, is as follows:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The House of Parliament was engaged in doing so [drawing the conclusions] yesterday. For the audience, the essence of his [Prime Minister’s] numerous long-winded speeches can be summarized in a Shakespearian paraphrase: This be madness and there is no method in ‘t [i.e. nonsense].
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The translation reproduces the ideology contained in the full text of Source Text 2 and through the use of the verb summarize equates the Prime Minister’s speech with that of a madman. In the Fidesz supporter receivers of Target Text 8 this emotively generates reassurance of Fidesz’s interpretation of the Prime Minister’s mental capacity and thus furthers Fidesz’s ideology.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Even if the translation of the above particular political message allows very limited space for translators’ ideological manipulation, it still appears to reflect the clients’ ideology in its lexical choice and thus the gists are suited to the clients’ ideological expectations.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The reproduction of ideology can also happen through formulaic language. Formulaic language does not appear in Source Text 2 or in its translations, thus we shall skip this point. It must, nonetheless, be pointed out that formulaic language can potentially play a vital role in the reproduction ideology and the fact that no instance of such language appears in Source Text 2 or the target texts does not mean that the analysis of formulaic language should be excluded when effecting ideology analysis in the scope of Translation Studies.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The reproduction of ideology can also present itself through making a distinction between US vs. THEM. The US vs. THEM distinction is present throughout the entire Source Text 2. As the article has been written with a pro-Fidesz perspective, the Prime Minister, the government and the coalition are pictured in a negative way whereas Fidesz is portrayed in a positive way. The most obvious proof of this is the naming practice of referring to government and MSZP seniors by nicknames and to Fidesz seniors and the President of Hungary by their official titles, as noted above with reference to stylistic features and lexical choice.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The Government, MSZP and the governing coalition politicians are noted for their negative deeds: fighting against the public will of requesting the repeal of the visit fee, the hospital daily fee and the tuition fee (a megszüntetésük [vizitdíj, tandíj és kórházi napidíj] ellen sikertelenül hadakozott kormánypártok – sentence 4 of Source Text 2), belittling those having voted for the repeal of the fees (3,3 millió igennel szavazót pénztáércapártiként feltüntetni – sentence 6), making accusations against the public will (vádaskodó hang – sentence 8), touching upon certain questionable privatisation deals involving the Prime Minister (a Szalay utcai ingatlan és az őszödi üdülő megszerzése – sentence 14), the recurrent practice of the Prime Minister to disguise his lies for truth (újfent kísérletet tett arra, hogy hírhedt hazugságbeszédét átcsomagolja igazságbeszéddé – sentence 16) and the Prime Minister acting as if he had a part in a cheap melodrama (Cipollát alakító Gyurcsány – sentence 17). These negative Government, MSZP and governing coalition politician presentations are opposed by the positive presentation by Fidesz politicians: Fidesz politicians initiating the repeal of the the visit, hospital daily and tuition fees (a vizitdíj, tandíj és kórházi napidíj eltörlését kezdeményező Fidesz és KDNP – sentence 4) and the Leader of the parliamentary group of Fidesz supporting Fidesz’s position through the fact that all taxpayers pay for health care and education services (Hiába hívta fel a figyelmet Navracsics Tibor, a Fidesz frakcióvezetője, hogy senki nem gondolja az egészségügyről és az oktatásról, hogy azért soha egy árva petákot sem kellett fizetni – sentence 11).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

The US vs. THEM ideological distinction is reproduced in all target texts in the referent target sentences: in Target Texts 3 and 4 in sentences 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16; and in Target Texts 5 and 6 in sentences 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17 and 18. The presentation of these arguments, however, is supported or alternatively undermined by lexical choices signalling ideology appearing in these sentences, as described above. It appears that the US vs. THEM distinction is retained in the translations but the lexical choice appearing in the referent sentences can support or undermine the effectiveness of the ideology behind the distinction as illustrated above.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In terms of the reproduction of ideology in Source Text 2 and its translations, it can be concluded that the translators produce their target texts primarily with the client in mind. They reproduce or occasionally manipulate (support or undermine) the ideology of the source text to satisfy their clients, while the majority of the ideology expressed in the source text is in fact reproduced in the target texts. It is noteworthy that translators rarely include their own ideology if that opposes the ideology of their actual client.
 
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