5.4.1 Creation or distortion of reality

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With reference to the possible causes of intentional bias, it has been pointed out that journalists may have their own political preference: they may be affiliated with the members of a party or a government, and can therefore produce texts that are telling of these sympathies or bear the textual marks of the effects of these affiliations (Blumler and Gurevitch 1990, p. 275). On the part of journalists, personal political affiliations that realise as bias on a textual level, will be termed personal political bias in the present context (political bias in Mazzoleni’s [2002] Theory of Bias to be precise). Translators may also exhibit personal political bias in their target texts. This practically means that journalists and translators reproduce their own political convictions in their articles or translations, respectively.

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However, Mazzoleni (2002) also asserts that the professional norms and standards required by journalism in general and/or by a specific journal a given journalist works for equally play a dominant role in causing bias to appear in newspaper articles. If a journalist observes these professional norms and standards, the resulting text will show, according to Mazzoleni’s (2002) Theory of Bias, structural bias. That is, newspaper articles will reflect the professional norms and standards of the newspaper publishing the given article. These norms and standards can prescribe a most objective or less objective presentation of political reality, the production of argumentative texts or sensational articles suited to the type of the actual newspapers and so on. This also suggests that certain newspapers, as dictated by their professional norms and standards, publish articles that exhibit left- or right-wing political bias, characteristics of argumentative or sensational articles, etc., which features describe the structural bias of these articles.
 
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