7.9.1.2 Macrostructure

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Tirkkonen-Condit’s (1985) Macrostructure Model is used to establish the macrostructure of source and target texts. The macrostructure analysis will incorporate the results of the superstructure analysis. The superstructure effect operates in the following way: the shortest possible full summaries of the articles (i.e. gist) will contain references to all of the functional elements of the problem-solution structure (situation, problem, response, evaluation and the optional part of result). Therefore, the superstructure effect will ensure that the argumentative nature of the texts are preserved in the gists of the two source and the eight target texts. The gist, as it has been argued in Sections 3.6 and 6.3.1, will target logical persuasion in the receivers of political text.

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It is possible, however, to further reduce the gists with the help of Tirkkonen-Condit’s (1985) Macrostructure Model and thus obtain an even shorter but still meaningful mini-summary of texts, which we earlier termed political message (cf. Section 3.6). In fact, this is the textual realisation of the most focal point of emotive political persuasion in a political text as proposed by Larson (2001). The gists will be formulated in order to reveal the political messages used for emotive persuasion, as it has been described in Section 3.6.

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As described and justified in Section 3.4, in line with Tirkkonen-Condit’s (1985) Macrostructure Model, the current macrostructure analysis will work with two macrorules only, the zero and the deletion rules. On the other hand, the political message will be further derived from the gist with the help of the two macrorules to produce the shortest possible meaningful summary of the text in question.

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The procedures of the macrostructure analysis will be illustrated with the help of Source Text 1 entitled Kompenzáció. For illustration, the gist and the political message of Kompenzáció will be established below. One functional part of the article, negative evaluation1 will be used to illustrate the formation of local summaries (i.e. summary within one superstructure element), whereas the full article will be used to illustrate the formation of the gist (macrostructure affected by superstructure) and the political message (further derived from the gist).

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Negative evaluation1 of the article Kompenzáció features the following eight sentences at the microlevel:
 

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[8] Ez könnyen érthető álláspont, és elfogadhatóvá kiváltképp akkor válik, amikor a magyar közélet egyik veszélyes kalandora, Éger István orvoskamarai elnök most a kétszeresére akarja emeltetni a háziorvosok finanszírozását, miközben eddig azzal kürtölte tele a világot, hogy a vizitdíj semmit nem javított a helyzeten... [9] A „milyen ember az ilyen” felkiáltás most mellékes. [10] Mellékes, hogy pár száz háziorvos mégiscsak deklarálta, jó a vizitdíj rendszere. [11] Mellékes, hogy komoly közgazdászok egész sora állt ki e reformelem mellett. [12] Mellékes, hogy mit gondolunk: amit nem lehet mellőzni, az annak a három-egész-valahánymillió embernek a szavazata, aki nem volt rest elmenni az urnákhoz, és azt mondani, hogy nem kér a díjakból. [13] Ezt nem lehet figyelmen kívül hagyni. [14] Ettől válik mellékessé, hogy Gyurcsány Ferenc és Kóka János meg van győződve a saját igazságáról, amiben természetesen igazuk van, hiszen nem lehet komoly politikus, aki nem hisz önmagában, a hitet elvvé kövíteni azonban a politika területén már igencsak veszélyes. [15] A sértődöttség pedig kiváltképp.
 

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Sentences 8, 10, 11 and 12 all feature propositions in connection with the differing evaluation of the visit fee: assessing whether it is advantageous or not. Therefore, they will be realised at Macrolevel 1 through their unifying propositional content of the evaluation of the visit fee necessary for the interpretation of other propositions to follow. These sentences can therefore potentially surface later on at Macrolevel 2. Sentences 14 and 15 feature propositions in connection with dangerous political practices. Thus, they will be realised at Macrolevel 1 so that their macrostructural realisation can potentially surface at Macrolevel 2, connecting them with sentences with a similar propositional content to follow in the text.

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At Macrolevel 2, sentences 10 and 12 will be retained since they share common propositions about the visit fee: sentence 10 declares the visit fee appropriate, while sentence 12 deems it inappropriate. Sentence 8, 14 or 15 not are realised at Macrolevel 2, as they do not have propositions in common with either sentence 10 or 12 and they are not necessary for the interpretation of the propositions to follow.

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Macrolevel 3 contains only sentence 12 due to the superstructure effect. As this superstructure element features negative evaluation and summarises the propositional content of the superstructural part of negative evaluation1 required for the understanding of propositions to follow, sentence 12 with its negative evaluation will surface at the highest macrolevel in this superstructure element.

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The macrostructure of negative evaluation1 of Source Text 1 entitled Kompenzáció is represented in Table 7.1. Numbers in the table denote sentence numbers in the analysed text.
 

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Table 7.1: Illustration of the macrostructure in the superstructure element of negative evaluation 1 of Source Text 1
Macrolevel 3
12
Macrolevel 2
10
12
Macrolevel 1
8
10
11
12
14
15
Microlevel
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 

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The gist in turn is made up of all of the local summaries. The local summary is the sentence that is maintained at the highest possible macrolevel in each superstructure element. In fact, the superstructure effect ensures that the local summary of each superstructure element surfaces in the gist. Thus, the highest macrolevel representation of each superstructural part generated in the way detailed in connection with negative evaluation1 above gives the gist. In the case of Source Text 1, the gist is found at Macrolevel 3. The abstract notion of gist can meaningfully be formulated only as a coherent text. The gist of Source Text 1 (made up of sentences 5, 6, 7, 12, 16, 23, 25 and 28) would sound something like this in English (the text in square brackets is included to make the gist more meaningful for the interpretation of the results):
 

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In the same announcement, he [the Prime Minister] also said that people had made the most financially favourable decision for them, but they must come to realize that this does not lead anywhere. Since then he has been trying to explain, hand in hand with Mr. János Kóka, that general practitioners will, due to Fidesz’s (Hungarian Civic Union) referendum campaign, suffer the loss of a monthly sum of HUF 150,000. And the government is not in a position to compensate for this. It is not important what we think: what cannot be ignored now is the votes of the some 3 million people who this time took the trouble to cast a ballot and signalled that they do not want to pay those fees. The government has obligations. The amortization expense repealed earlier has to be restored, which is approximately a monthly HUF 70,000 per medical praxis. PM Gyurcsány’s basic interest lies with this: if he is serious about the idea of a multi-fund health insurance system and considers himself an advocate of reforms, then he definitely needs to give it a chance that he successfully faces another closely reform-related question. And that [failure of the Prime Minister to successfully carry on with the health care reform] would be impossible to compensate.
 

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If macrolevel 3 of Source Text 1, containing the gist, is further processes by the zero and deletion macrorules mentioned above, the resulting two sentences (sentences 6 and 28) at Macrolevel 6 will give the political message. Similarly to the gist, the political message can meaningfully be formulated only as a coherent text. Concerning Source Text 1, it would sound something like this in English:
 

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Since then he [the Prime Minister] and Mr. János Kóka have been competing with each other to explain that, as a result of Fidesz’s referendum campaign, General Practitioners thus will lose app. HUF 150,000 per month. And this [failure of the Prime Minister to successfully carry on with the health care reform] will be impossible to compensate.
 

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The macrolevels contributing to the gist and the political message of Source Text 1 are shown in Table 7.2 below. The columns of the table indicate the superstructure categories and display the number of the sentences that make up these superstructure categories. The rows show the various levels of the macrostructure. The macrolevel constituting the gist has been marked “GIST” and the level constituting the political message has been marked “P. M.” on the right hand side of the table.
 

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Table 7.2: The macrolevels: the gist and the political message of Source Text 1
 
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