2 Theoretical and Empirical Background

This chapter presents the key terms and definitions used throughout the monograph, as well as the aspects of culture, the critical approach to culture in teaching second/foreign languages, and the components of ICC explored and investigated in the studies carried out in the context of the present monograph. This is followed by a presentation of culture teaching and the development of CDA and ICC and approaches and techniques for teaching culture and developing CDA and ICC in the context of teaching English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL) and English as a medium of instruction (EMI) to introduce the methods, techniques, principles, and approaches to the development of CDA and ICC in English teaching contexts. The chapter ends with empirical studies on teaching culture and developing CDA and ICC in language classes, studies on language teaching materials for teaching culture and developing CDA and ICC, and studies on the practice of teaching culture and developing CDA and ICC in language classes to present existing research on the development of CDA and ICC and to compare the outcomes with the findings of the studies conducted for the present monograph. It should also be indicated that this chapter includes some texts used and/or adapted from my own published articles (Dogan Ger, 2020, 2021, 2022).