Mária Bakti: The development of interpreting competence
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12 Explicitation shifts in the consecutively interpreted Hungarian target language texts of the interpreter trainees
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12.3 Explicitation and interpreting
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12.3.1 Explicitation in simultaneous interpreting

12.3.1 Explicitation in simultaneous interpreting

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The key question in research into explicitation in SI is whether explicitation is an interpreting universal or a conscious strategy used by interpreters. Shlesinger (1995) finds that the greater explicitness of target language texts is a natural characteristic of language mediation. In contrast, Pöchhacker (2004) claims that the strategy of explicitation helps to bridge linguistic and socio-cultural differences during interpreting. However, Gumul’s (2006) results signal that explicitation is not a consciously and deliberately used strategy by interpreters. When summing up results from the field of explication in SI, Gumul (2017, pp. 155–156) highlights that explicitation is closely connected to the cohesion of target language texts and the use of cohesive devices in the target language text.

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Shlesinger’s (1995) results indicate that in order to replace substitution and ellipsis in the source language text, interpreter trainees used some form of lexical cohesion in the target language texts. Trainees often omitted temporal connectives, and kept cause and effect connectives from the source language texts in the target language texts. Based on her results, Shlesinger draws the conclusion that the shifts in the use of cohesive devices are integral or universal characteristics of the interpreting process.

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Ishikawa (1999) considers explicitation as a result of cognitive processing in interpreting. Explicitation takes place during interpreting, irrespective of the constraints of the interpreting process, and independent of the fact that a faithful (or word for word) rendering is an interpreting norm.

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Gumul (2006, 2017) researched explicitation in SI with the participation of 120 interpreter trainees. Her results show that 90% of explicitation shifts in her corpus are not strategic and not intentional. In other words, during SI, explicitation is not a strategic process (Gumul, 2017, p. 282), instead, trainee interpreters resort to explicitation in order to help their own text processing processes and to counterbalance the constraints inherent in simultaneous interpreting.

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As concerns directionality, Gumul (2017) has found that explicitation shifts were more frequent when trainees were interpreting from their A to B language, in this direction, predominantly connectives were added. Retrospective comments from the interpreter trainees showed that explicitation shifts were used as a survival strategy by the interpreter trainees, and not as a tool to achieve optimal relevance (Gumul, 2017, p. 238).

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As concerns explicitation and individual interpreting style, Gumul’s results show that explicitation can be seen as an individual behaviour, as patterns of explicitation shifts were very versatile, and there were no clearly visible tendencies between the interpreted target texts. (Gumul, 2017, p. 283). In addition, Gumul has found a high correlation between the frequencies of omissions and errors and explicitation shifts. This might lead to the conclusion that explicitation shifts are used to compensate for omissions, so, to some extent, explication shifts can be considered as a consciously used strategy.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In the language direction English to Hungarian, Bakti (2013) carried out an investigation related to explicitation shifts in SI, working with a small sample. Her results show that explicitation shifts were present in the target language texts of both professional and trainee interpreters. The most frequent explicitation shifts were adding logical connectives, followed by inserting extra information and explicitation based on inference from the source language text.

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Szegh (2017, 2021) investigated interpreted target language texts, with the aim of proving the existence of interpreting universals in simultaneously interpreted target language texts. She also wished to prove the existence of interpretese. She found that interpretese does exist, and is, compared to SL texts and authentic spoken discourse, reduced, simpler, and more implicit than SL texts and authentic spoken texts. Interpretese is the result of omissions and generalization carried out as a result of the context and constraints of interpreting. Explicitation operations (additions, specifications) also featuress in simultaneously interpreted TL texts, however, it is less frequent than implicitation operations.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Szegh (2017, 2021) also investigated the ways in which interpretese is different from translationese. Her research results confirm that there is a considerable difference between interpreted and translated TL texts; interpreted target language texts are mostly characterized by implicitation (omissions, generalizations), while translated TL texts are characterized by explicitation (additions and specifications). She found evidence that interpreted TL texts resemble spoken monolingual texts more than translated TL texts. Both interpreted TL texts and spontaneous monolingual speech are characterized by spontaneity and informality, which is mirrored for instance in the use of pronouns. Her research results show that interpreted TL texts are simpler, more reduced, and less diverse than translated TL texts. Redundancy was the only factor in which spontaneous spoken language texts and interpreted TL texts differed. Szegh (2017), in addition to explicitation, also examined implicitation in SI. The results of her analyses have revealed that during SI, implicitation is more frequent than explicitation.
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