Mária Bakti: The development of interpreting competence
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7 Methodology of the longitudinal investigation presented in this work
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7.3 Problem triggers

7.3 Problem triggers

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The term problem trigger was introduced to Interpreting Studies by Daniel Gile, in relation to his Effort Models ((Gile, 1995). Gile opines that interpreters work close to saturation, in other words, they work near the limits of their processing capacity (Gile, 2015b). He refers to this hypothesis as the ‘Tightrope Hypothesis’, which he sees as the reason behind the EOIs (errors, omissions and/or infelicities, Gile, 2015b) in the output of interpreters. Some of these EOIs might be caused by problem triggers, which are defined as “factors and conditions which increase processing capacity requirements or make the interpreter more vulnerable to attention lapses and attention management errors” (Gile, 2015b, p. 136).

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Gile differentiated between two types of problem triggers in his 1995 monograph: those arising from an increase in processing capacity requirements and those associated with signal vulnerability (Gile, 1995, pp. 172–174). Gile enumerates four problems related to processing capacity, namely (1) the high density of speech [high rate of delivery or high density of the information content], (2) external factors, (3) unknown names, and (4) saturation.

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Elsewhere, Gile (2015b) gives the following list of problem triggers: high information density, speech rate, enumerations, compound names, unfamiliar accents, poor voice quality, singular logic, non-standard lexical usage, syntactic complexity, interpreting between syntactically very different languages, lexical gaps and short words with little redundancy such as names and numbers.

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In the present investigation, the source language texts included a variety of problem triggers. In the source language texts, following the first, introductory section, the higher education institution was introduced using facts and figures, for example the year the school was established, its area, its buildings and their functions. Then, there was information given on the number of faculties and departments, and the structure of the academic year. Information was also provided about tuition fees at the institutions, together with the list of possible majors at the college or university. The tenth, closing section was the same in all three source language texts. Table 7.4 provides an overview of problem triggers in each section of the source language texts.
 

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Table 7.4 Problem triggers in the source language texts
Section
Williams College
2nd semester
Oxford University
3rd semester
Swansea University
4th semester
1
–
–
–
2
high information density:
It is situated on a 1.8 km2 campus in Williamstown, in rural north-west Massachusetts,
and the campus contains more than 100 academic, athletic and residential buildings.
 
enumeration:
colleges, departments and accommodation
names:
Its two campuses are Singleton Bay campus and Bay Campus, both are located along Swansea Bay.
 
high information density:
It was established in 1920 by King George V, with 89 students enrolling for the first year.
3
names:
Unified Science Centre
 
high information density:
The unified Science Centre building unifies the laboratory spaces of the physics, chemistry, and biology departments
and it houses the science library.
names:
Castle Mill development
Radcliffe Observatory Centre
high information density:
The Bay campus is located east of the city centre, and it contains mostly students’ residences and the life sciences and sports laboratories.
4
high information density:
There are three academic divisions at Williams College, humanities, sciences and social sciences, 24 departments, 33 majors and two small master’s degree programs.
high information density:
There are 35 subjects, 34 of these are in the top 10 in the UK.
 
enumeration:
The academic year at Oxford has three 8-week terms, these are Michelmas, Hilary and Trinity.
high information density:
There are seven colleges at Swansea university: the College of Arts and Humanities, the School of Management, the College of Law, the College of Engineering, the College of Human and Health Science, the Medical School and the College of Science.
 
enumeration:
These are the Michelmas, Lent and Summer terms.
5
enumeration:
Past course offerings have included: skiing, learn to play chess or accounting.
 
numbers:
Last year Oxford granted 1560 bachelor’s degrees and 345 master’s degrees.
The cost of tuition was Ł 20,000.
numbers:
The number of students at Swansea University is 17,445. The cost of tuition is Ł 9,000,
but Welsh students are entitled for a non-repayable grant that amounts to 51% of the tuition fee. 43% of the students were given financial aid, and this financial aid was Ł4,000 /year.
6
numbers:
Last year Williams granted 510 bachelor’s degrees and 35 master’s degrees. The cost of tuition was $52,000,
53% of the students were given financial aid, and this financial aid was $46,000.
 
enumeration:
Undergraduates are required to do some academic work during the three holidays.
These are the Christmas, Easter and Long vacations.
-
7
–
enumeration:
Masters’ and doctoral degrees are conferred in all subjects studies at graduate level at the university, such as Physics, life sciences or social sciences.
-
8
enumeration:
Furthermore, students take at least one course that examines how groups, cultures, and societies interact with one another. This way students explore the diversity of groups, cultures and societies.
-
-
9
enumeration:
American studies, astrophysics, classics, computer sciences, economics, geosciences, history, music, math psychology, and sociology.
 
enumeration:
English language and Literature, Modern languages, Geography, History, Anthropology, Archeology, Law, Medicine, Politics and International studies.
enumeration:
American studies, business management, computer science, welsh, environmental engineering, geo-informatics, Italian, marine biology, midwifery, sports science, and war and society.
10
–
–
–
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