Mária Bakti: The development of interpreting competence
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11 Shifts of grammatical cohesion in the consecutively interpreted Hungarian target language texts
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11.1 Cohesion
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11.1.2 Cohesion in Hungarian

11.1.2 Cohesion in Hungarian

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

For the Hungarian language, Szikaszainé Nagy (2004) devised a slightly different system to describe textuality and tools used to achieve textuality. She uses the term szövegösszetartó erő or text organizing force, which holds units or parts of a text together (Szikaszainé Nagy, 2004, p. 73). Text organizing force in the Hungarian language has several types, including pragmatic, semantic, grammatical, compositional, stylistic, acoustic and visual “cohesion”.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In Szikszainé Nagy’s system, grammatical text organizing tools or text surface elements that contribute to connectivity through grammatical means in Hungarian include word classes and suffixes. She avoids using the term grammatical cohesion, instead, she states that these grammatical devices contribute to the connexity or connectivity of the text (Szikszainé Nagy, 2004, p. 160).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Cohesion in Hungarian is frequently achieved by using pronouns. They are the most frequently used substitutions in reference functions. However, if the subject remains unchanged, or is same, it is marked with a zero third person anaforic personal pronoun, the so called implicit subject. The third person singular pronoun is used only in special cases, and there are only a few cases where the third person singular pronoun ő cannot be deleted. This has to be taken into consideration when comparing and analyzing English SL and Hungarian TL texts. Demonstrative pronouns also create connectivity, and, less frequently, possessive pronouns, indefinite pronouns and general pronouns also contribute to connectivity in texts.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Other grammatical devices to achieve connectivity in Hungarian texts include the adjectival pronouns (ilyen, olyan), pronominal adverbs (így, akkor) and ordinal numbers. Pro forms replace sentences, for example in expressions such as ‘So’ or ‘Well’. Co-referent words used together with anaforic elements also contribute to creating connectivity through grammatical means (eg., ezek a támogatások).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

In addition, there are other means of achieving grammatical connectivity in texts in Hungarian. These include reference, using noun case endings or verb conjugation, including subject verb agreement, the possessive noun case endings, and the definite conjugation, as the conjugational ending refers back to a noun in accusative case.

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Other types of suffixes also contribute to establishing text surface relations, for example, using suffixes to express identical tense, identical mood, or the suffix for adjectives in the comparative and superlative case. (Szikszainé Nagy, 2004, pp. 151–152).

Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be.!

Some of the above grammatical devices are also listed as cohesive devices used in English, however, several of them are language-specific to Hungarian.
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