Kiss Éva Mariann

Mastering Academic Competencies

A Guide to Effective Learning and Success

4.1 Surface, Strategic, and Deep Approaches to Learning

In higher education, students employ various approaches to studying and learning, each influencing the depth and retention of knowledge. These approaches are commonly categorized into three types: surface, strategic, and deep learning. These approaches should not be understood as fixed learner types, but as patterns of engagement that may shift depending on context, motivation, workload, and assessment demands. Students often move between approaches across different modules or stages of their studies. Recognising these approaches can therefore help learners reflect on how they are studying and make more intentional choices about their learning strategies.

Surface Approach: The surface approach to learning is characterized by rote memorization and a minimal understanding of concepts. Students adopting this approach often aim to meet minimum requirements, focusing on memorizing facts and completing tasks without fully understanding the underlying principles (Biggs, 1999). This approach is often driven by a fear of failure and a need to pass exams rather than a genuine interest in the subject matter. A surface approach may emerge during periods of high pressure, limited time, or uncertainty about expectations, and it is not necessarily a reflection of a student’s ability or potential.
Strategic Approach: The strategic approach involves a targeted effort to achieve the highest possible grades. Students using this method organize their study schedules effectively, pay close attention to assessment criteria, and employ specific strategies to maximize their performance in exams and assignments (Entwistle & Ramsden, 1983). While this approach can lead to high academic achievement, it may not necessarily reflect a deep understanding of the material. Strategic learning can be highly effective in assessment-driven environments; however, when pursued in isolation, it may prioritise performance outcomes over long-term understanding and intellectual engagement.
Deep Approach: The deep approach to learning is characterized by a genuine interest in the subject and a desire to understand concepts thoroughly. Students adopting this approach integrate new information with existing knowledge, seek to understand underlying principles, and apply learning to new situations (Marton & Säljö, 1976). This method leads to a more meaningful and long-lasting understanding of the material. A deep approach to learning is closely associated with intrinsic motivation, reflective practice, and critical thinking, all of which are explored further in subsequent chapters of this book.

Tartalomjegyzék

Kiadó: Akadémiai Kiadó

Online megjelenés éve: 2026

ISBN: 978 963 664 192 4

Pedagógia Idegen nyelvű

Developing Academic Competencies offers a comprehensive and practice-oriented guide to the development of essential academic and professional skills required for success in contemporary higher education. Addressing the evolving demands placed on students in increasingly international, digital, and performance-driven academic environments, the book integrates evidence-based learning strategies with practical tools that support effective studying, assessment preparation, academic writing, teamwork, and reflective learning.

The volume adopts a student-centred and competence-based approach, combining theory with applied examples, exercises, and self-assessment activities to foster independent, critical, and strategic learners. Particular attention is given to transferable skills such as time management, collaboration, problem-solving, and academic integrity, while also engaging with the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence in learning, research, and writing. Rather than positioning AI as a shortcut, the book emphasises its potential as a supportive tool that enhances productivity, critical evaluation, and metacognitive awareness.

Designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students across disciplines, as well as for instructors seeking structured support materials, Developing Academic Competencies bridges the gap between academic expectations and student preparedness. By empowering learners with adaptable strategies and reflective practices, the book contributes to improved academic performance, lifelong learning capabilities, and employability in a rapidly changing knowledge economy.

Hivatkozás: https://mersz.hu/kiss-mastering-academic-competencies//

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