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Fluid Mechanics Measurements
Table 1. Demands for "advanced" measurement techniques (continued)
Demand | Examples for instrumentation |
|---|---|
"Small" measurement uncertainty | Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA): velocity measurement with 0.1 % relative uncertainty |
"Wide" measurement range | LDA equipped with high-speed data acquisition card, capable for measurement of sign of velocity: velocity range from 0 m/s up to supersonic flow |
"High" spatial resolution | LDA: the size of the measurement volume is in the order of magnitude of 0.1 mm (⇔ Pitot-static probe) |
"High" temporal resolution for investigation of time-dependent processes (e.g. turbulence) | Hot wire anemometry (Constant temperature hot wire anemometry: CTA) (⇔ Pitot-static probe) |
"High" directional resolution for measurement of vector quantities | LDA: the interference fringe system defines the direction of velocity component being measured (⇔ Pitot-static probe) |
"Low" directional resolution for measurement of scalar quantities such as velocity magnitude and dynamic pressure | Pitot-static (Prandtl) probe for dynamic pressure measurements: directionally insensitive in the range of ±15° (this is a disadvantage if the velocity is to be determined for deduction of volume flow rate) |
Multi-dimensionality |
1D, 2D, 3D LDA and CTA, stereo PIV, direction metering probes |
Limited need for calibration (stable internal parameters) | LDA: NO need for in situ calibration, "black box": NOT ALLOWED to adjust (⇔ CTA) |
Easy-to-use, "plug and play" | Propeller anemometer (⇔ LDA) |
Reliable operation in a wide application area: under tough circumstances (dusty, hot, humid, aggressive industrial environment) | S-probe (⇔ LDA) |
Application areas not servable with other methods; remote measurements | Laser vibrometer (meter for vibration of surface) (⇔ piezo-electric accelerometer) |
"Limited" disturbance of the flow to be measured: "non-contact" / "non-intrusive" / "non-invasive" techniques | Ultrasonic flowmeter, LDA (⇔ Solid-state probes) |
Limited necessity to manipulate the equipment to be measured | Laser vibrometer, ultrasonic flowmeter (⇔ through-flow orifice meter) |
Electronic output signal for advanced representation of data and for process control |
Electronic pressure transducer (⇔ U-tube liquid manometer) |
Computer-supported, automated measurement (calibration, traversing, data acquisition, data processing, data storage, data representation…) | Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (⇔ Pitot-static probe) |
"Low" expenses | Pitot-static probe (⇔ LDA) |
Tartalomjegyzék
- FLUID MECHANICS MEASUREMENTS
- COPYRIGHT PAGE
- FOREWORD
- LIST OF SYMBOLS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
- 2. PROBES AND SENSORS FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPORAL MEAN PRESSURE
- 3. VELOCIMETERS
- 4. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
- 5. MEASUREMENT OF UNSTEADY PRESSURE
- 6. TRADITIONAL MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME FLOW RATE
- 7. SPECIALISED FLOWMETERS
- 8. INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES
- 8.1. Extension of a food industry cooler system
- 8.2. Optimisation of a mineral wool production process
- 8.3. Proposal for noise reduction in an aerobic wastewater treatment plant
- 8.4. Diagnostics on the air supply system of a gas motor power plant
- 8.5. Measurements on a silencer built in a cement industry flue gas duct
- 8.6. Development of an axial flow jet fan of long throw
- 8.7. Development of a standardised axial fan test facility for testing industrial fans of serial production
- 8.8. Fluid mechanical survey of a gas turbine power plant
- 8.9. Testing a wind tunnel fan by means of ad hoc measurements [58]
- 8.10. Study on the effect of flow rate measurement noise in a natural gas supply line
- 8.11. Investigation of the cooling process applied in sheet metal industry
- 8.12. Heat power measurement applied in a remote heating system
- 8.13. Investigation of a chemical industrial solvent supply system
- 8.14. Testing compressors used in air conditioners for cars
- 8.1. Extension of a food industry cooler system
- REFERENCES
Kiadó: Akadémiai Kiadó
Online megjelenés éve: 2020
ISBN: 978 963 454 484 5
This lecture note aims at providing basic information on nowadays applied fluid flow measurement techniques, in terms of their operating principle, layouts, application areas, advantages, and limitations. As such, it intends to give an aid in decision-making when selecting instrumentation for the solution of various practical flow measurement problems, also providing hints for the actual realisation of the measurements.
Hivatkozás: https://mersz.hu/vad-lukacs-fluid-mechanics-measurements//
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