Tóth József (szerk.): Nyelv, kultúra, megértés: új kutatási módszerek a humán tudományok területén
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1. Nyelvi rendszerek és jelentésleírás
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A contrastive analysis of British English RP and Arabic MSA sound systems • Hala Saed
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3. Languages under investigation: Modern Standard Arabic vs. British English (Received Pronunciation, RP)
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3.1. Languages of the study: a general overview
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3.1.7. British English consonants

3.1.7. British English consonants

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English consonants can be identified by their place, manner of articulation, and voicing. Forel, Genoveva (2005: 6, 7) stated that,
 

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“Consonants are often classified by being given a so-called VPM-label. VPM stands for Voicing, Place and Manner: voicing means that the vocal folds are used; if they are not, the sound is voiceless …, place of articulation is the place where the air flow will be more or less obstructed, manner is concerned with the nature of the obstruction”.
 

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The consonants of English according to their place of articulation as the following: bilabials (/p/, /b/, /m/), labiodentals (/f/, /v/), dentals, (/θ/, /ð/) alveolars (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/), post-alveolar (/t̠ʃ/, /d̠ʒ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ɹ/), palatal (/j/), labiovelar /w/, velar (/k/, /g/, /ŋ/), and glottal /h/, Furthermore, they are divided according to their manner of articulation into: stops (/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/), fricatives (/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/), affricates (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/), three nasals (/m/, /n/, and /ŋ/), liquids (/l/ and /ɹ/) and two semi vowels (/w/ and /j/), (Watson, 2002). Furthermore, it is worth noting that /w/ is often argued to be a labiovelar, or a velar with a secondary bilabial place of articulation. Table 7 provides the phonetic symbols, their place of articulation, manners of articulation, as well as voicing for the English consonants.
 

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Table 7. List of phonetic symbols of the English RP consonants
Phonetic symbol
Three-term label
Example
[p]
Voiceless bilabial plosive
/ˈpeɪpəɹ/ ‘paper’
[b]
Voiced bilabial plosive
/bʊk/ ‘book’
[t]
voiceless alveolar plosive
/ˈteɪbl/ ‘table’
[d]
voiced alveolar plosive
/dɔːɹ/ ‘door’
[k]
voiceless velar plosive
/kʌm/ ‘come’
[ɡ]
voiced velar plosive
/gəʊ/ ‘go’
[tʃ]
voiceless postalveolar affricate
/ʧɜːʧ/ ‘church’
[dʒ]
Voiced postalveolar affricate
/ˈʤækɪt/ ‘jacket’
[m]
voiced bilabial nasal
/maɪs/ ‘mice’
[n]
voiced alveolar nasal
/naʊ/ ‘now’
[ŋ]
voiced velar nasal
/brɪŋ/ ‘bring’
[f]
voiceless labiodental fricative
/ˈfɑːðəɹ/ ‘father’
[v]
voiced labiodental fricative
/vɔɪs/ ‘voice’
[θ]
voiceless dental fricative
/ˈθɪəri/ ‘theory’
[ð]
voiced dental fricative
/ðeɪ/ ‘they’
[s]
voiceless alveolar fricative
/siː/ ‘sea’
[z]
voiced alveolar fricative
/zuː/ ‘zoo’
[ʃ]
voiceless postalveolar fricative
/ˈʃaʊəɹ/ ‘shower’
[ʒ]
voiced postalveolar fricative
/beɪʒ/ ‘beige’
[ɹ]
voiced postalveolar approximant
/ɹεd/ ‘red’
[h]
voiceless glottal fricative
/haɪ/ 'high'
[j]
voiced palatal approximant
/juː/ ‘you’
[w]
voiced labio-velar approximant
/waɪ/ ‘why’
[l]
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
/leɪt/ ‘late’
 

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As it is clear from the above illustrations, the two languages have both different and similar sounds. For an Arabic native speaker, the differences are considered to be more than the similarities, see Table 8, as, for instance, it seems that the sound /r/ occurs in both languages, though it is not, because the phoneme /r/ in Arabic is an alveolar trill, while the consonant /r/ in the English RP is often a postalveolar approximant (Roach, 2004), this would commonly be represented by the sign [ɹ] in the International Phonetic Alphabet, however the sign /r/ has still been used for RP in the majority of the literature on the field.

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This is not the only issue with the phoneme /r/, since in RP English there is also the silent / r/ which learners consider as one of the most problematic features in RP English pronunciation. Since the [ɹ] phoneme is only pronounced in RP English when the following sound is a vowel. It is not pronounced if the following sound is a consonant, or if no sound follows, as in sharp, bird, there, horse, and in words as mother, other, and sister. Note that although the /r/ is silent in these words, it indicates a long vowel sound on a stressed syllable (sharp, bird, there, horse) and a short, weak vowel sound (ə) on an unstressed syllable (mother, other, and sister). In continuous speech, the principle for silent /r/ is also applied. However, when a word ends in the /r/ sound as in the word paper and the following word starts with a vowel sound as in the word (and), the /r/ in paper is pronounced such as connected utterance ‘paper and pen’ /peɪpər ænd pεn/ but not when the words are pronounced independently or if it is followed by a word starting with a consonant sound like in the connected utterance ‘paper tissue’ /peɪpə ˈtɪʃuː/.
 
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