Russian aggression against Ukraine led to the activation, for the first time in history, of the Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof (hereinafter referred to as the Council Directive 2001/55/EC).1 The Council Directive introduced institution of ‘temporary protection’ and was implemented already into the Polish legal system by Chapter 3 of Section III (Articles 106–118) of the Act on granting protection to foreigners, introducing into the domestic legal system the institution of temporary protection. As early as 4 March 2022, the Council of the EU adopted Implementing Decision 2022/382 establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC, and having the effect of introducing temporary protection (hereinafter referred to as the Implementation Decision 2022/382).2 The decision triggered the provisions of the directive in view of the massive influx of refugees from Ukraine and specified which categories of persons fleeing Ukraine will be covered by its special provisions.