The arrival of refugee children from Ukraine posed a huge challenge for Polish law and the system of education and care for children—not only because of the large and uncontrolled number of refugees in the first months of the war. Differences in the care and education system, language barriers and also the large number of unaccompanied children arriving in Poland have become significant obstacles. Most of these challenges were recognised by Polish law in a short period of time and legislative responses were almost immediate. Ukrainian children received material support, full access to education and learning the Polish language. The foster care system was modified, and childcare requirements were eased and adapted. In retrospect, it can be stated that the system of Polish institutions and procedures was not without its shortcomings, which were noticed in practice, such as an incomplete and inconsistent system of child registry, and, above all, the optional system of Polish education until autumn 2024. The lack of compulsory schooling for Ukrainian children in Poland—although dictated by an understanding of their need to remain in a familiar system and to be educated online—resulted in a lack of proper integration of Ukrainian children and an inability to enforce compulsory education, which is obligatory in Poland until the age of 18. The perceived deficits in institutional and legal support for children were gradually addressed and remedied through subsequent amendments to the Special Act.